Perceptions and Impacts of FRAM-A: A Norwegian Farm Business Development Programme

The FRAM-A(gro) programme has been initiated to improve Norwegian farmers' business and strategic management skills. This paper reports on an evaluation of the early projects. Key findings are that the learning model combining three approaches (theory, group learning and onfarm activities) was successful, and that farmers were satisfied with the one-to-one consultancy.Training programme, farm development, strategic management, consultancy, evaluation, Farm Management, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession,

Bildediagnostikk av traumatisk diafragmaruptur

Background: Diaphragmatic injury is an uncommon result of blunt and penetrating trauma. To recognize this injury, the radiologist must be familiar with the imaging manifestations of the injury. The purpose of this study was to review our experience with the radiologic management of traumatic diaphragmatic rupture (TDR) in order to identify the factors contributing to the diagnostic process. Methods: The general part of the report is based on articles found with the keywords "Diaphragm AND Rupture AND Imaging" and "Diaphragm AND Rupture AND Trauma AND CT" in Medline. In addition twelve patients with TDR admitted to our hospital between June 2004 and July 2005 have been investigated retrospectively. Results: The study identified 9 men and 3 women with ages ranging from 20 to 78 (mean 52,3). Rupture was right-sided in 6 and left-sided in 6 of the patients. The incidence of blunt and penetrating trauma was equal in this material. The diagnosis was established preoperatively in 3 patients (25 %). Alle these had left-sided injury from blunt trauma. One patient had suspect findings on chest x-ray and one had diagnostic findings on CT that was overlooked in the acute setting. These two patients had right-sided injury. All patients were treated surgically. Multiple associated injuries were observed in all the patients. The overall mortality was 58 %. Conclusions: The sensitivity of chest x-ray seems to be higher among patients with left sided rupture from blunt trauma than than those with right-sided rupture or patients with penetrating injury. Diaphragmatic rupture should be suspected in all blunt or penetrating trauma to the lower thorax and upper abdomen

The North Atlantic spring-bloom system - where the changing climate meets the winter dark

-The North Atlantic with its spring-bloom ecosystem has its particular responses to climate change, many of them different from the other parts of the world's oceans. The system is strongly influenced by anthropogenic climate change as well as to strong decadal to multidecadal natural climate variability. In particular, the northernmost part of the system and the Arctic is exposed to higher increase in temperature than any other ocean region. The most pronounced examples of poleward migration of marine species are found in the North Atlantic, and comprise the recent warming phase after the 1970s. The latitudinal asymmetric position of the Arctic Front and its nature of change result in a considerably larger migration distance and migration speed of species in the Northeast Atlantic part of the system. However, we here hypothesize that there is a limit to the future extent of poleward migration of species constrained by the latitudinal region adjacent the Polar Circle. We define this region the critical latitudes. This is because the seasonal light cycle at high latitudes sets particular demands on the life cycle of planktivorous species. Presently, boreal planktivorous species at high latitudes deposit lipids during the short spring bloom period and overwinter when phytoplankton production is insufficient for feeding. Unless invading temperate species from farther south are able to adapt by developing a similar life cycle future poleward migration of such species will be unlikely

Management of transboundary and straddling fish stocks in the Northeast Atlantic in view of climate-induced shifts in spatial distribution

The introduction of 200 n.m. exclusive economic zones (EEZs) in the late 1970s required increased collaboration among neighbouring coastal states to manage transboundary and straddling fish stocks. The established agreements ranged from bilateral to multilateral, including high‐seas components, as appropriate. However, the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea does not specify how quotas of stocks crossing EEZs should be allocated, nor was it written for topical scenarios, such as climate change with poleward distribution shifts that differ across species. The productive Northeast Atlantic is a hot spot for such shifts, implying that scientific knowledge about zonal distribution is crucial in quota negotiations. This diverges from earlier, although still valid, agreements that were predominately based on political decisions or historical distribution of catches. The bilateral allocations for Barents Sea and North Sea cod remain robust after 40 years, but the management situation for widely distributed stocks, as Northeast Atlantic mackerel and Norwegian spring‐spawning herring, appears challenging, with no recent overall agreements. Contrarily, quotas of Northern hake are, so far, unilaterally set by the EU despite the stock's expansion beyond EU waters into the northern North Sea. Negotiations following the introduction of EEZs were undertaken at the end of the last cooler Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) period, that is, with stock distributions generally in a southerly mode. Hence, today's lack of management consensus for several widely distributed fish stocks typically relates to more northerly distributions attributed to the global anthropogenic signal accelerating the spatial effect of the current warmer AMO.publishedVersio

Buoyancy of Atlantic cod larvae in relation to developmental stage and maternal influences

17 pages, 5 figures, 7 tables.In this experimental study on Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, buoyancy was found to vary significantly with season, developmental stage, egg size and maternal condition. Before the start of the experiments, wild fish were caught in the Barents Sea and acclimatized to laboratory conditions. Pairs (n = 8), one female (recruit spawner) and one male, spawned naturally in large, indoor compartments of a circular tank and every third egg batch (out of up to 19 batches collected per female) was incubated in aquaria. Following sedation (50 mg l-1metomidate hydrochloride, 30 min), individual larval specific gravity was precisely reported (30 min) using a density-graduated column. Larval specific gravity (meant) increased steadily during the first early stages of development (0–25 day-degrees), remained nearly constant during the following stages (25–35 day-degrees), but then decreased gradually (35–55 day-degrees). In general, late-season larvae were significantly less buoyant, i.e. showed higher meant, than early-season larvae. Meantwas negatively correlated with female condition and egg size and dry weight. Possible implications of these findings for drift and survival are discussed.This study was supported by the Training and Mobility of Researchers Programme, EU Contract No ERBFMBICT960772 (F.S.-R.). The writing-up of this paper was also supported by EU Contract No FAIRCT- 98-4122, STEREO (O.S.K. and A.T.).Peer reviewe

Hvilket rom gir de rettslige rammene for endring av oppgavefordeling mellom leger og sykepleiere i somatiske akuttmottak

I dag fokuseres det på oppgavedeling som et virkemiddel i helsepolitikken for å løse fremtidige ressursutfordringer i helsevesenet. Denne oppgaven er et bidrag til å se hvordan sykepleiere i akuttmottak kan overta oppgaver og operasjonalisere et helsepolitisk mål, uten å gå på bekostning av faglig forsvarlighet. Helsepersonelloven åpner for å overføre oppgaver på tvers av profesjoner så fremt forsvarlighet, kvalitet og pasientsikkerhet er ivaretatt. Det rettslige rommet for endring av oppgavefordeling mellom leger og sykepleiere avgjøres hovedsakelig av hva som til enhver tid er normen for god pasientbehandling i et akuttmottak. Faglig forsvarlighet er ikke et statisk begrep, men en norm og rettesnor som endrer seg over tid. Dersom en legger forsvarlighetskravet til grunn, er det trolig mulig å overføre flere oppgaver som tradisjonelt har vært legeoppgaver til sykepleiere. Den kvalitative metoden gjennom fokusgruppeintervjuer avdekker hvordan sykepleiere i akuttmottak faktisk arbeider i praksis og hvilke oppgaver informantene mener kan overføres fra tradisjonelle lege- til sykepleieroppgaver. I funnene avdekkes det at det er gråsoner i hvilke oppgaver som utføres av leger og hvilke som utføres av sykepleiere. Det kan synes som om den uformelle oppgavedelingen utvikles i perioder når det hoper seg opp med mange pasienter i akuttmottaket og lege ikke er tilgjengelig. Da er det kompetente og erfarne sykepleiere som bretter opp ermene og redder pressede situasjoner fra å utvikle seg til uønskede hendelser og svikt. Funn og litteratur indikerer at å formalisere oppgaveoverføring i akuttmottak til sykepleiere har potensiale til å gi fremtidens akuttmottak bedring i arbeidsflyt, pasientflyt og ressursutnyttelse innenfor de rettslige rammene for faglig forsvarlighet. Kompetansen i sykepleierprofesjon er en sentral faktor i muliggjøringen av overføring av arbeidsoppgaver fra leger til sykepleiere samtidig som faglig forsvarlighet blir ivaretatt, innenfor de rettslige rammene

Advances in methods for determining fecundity: application of the new methods to some marine fishes

Estimation of individual egg production (realized fecundity) is a key step either to understand the stock and recruit relationship or to carry out fisheries-independent assessment of spawning stock biomass using egg production methods. Many fish are highly fecund and their ovaries may weigh over a kilogram; therefore the work time can be consuming and require large quantities of toxic fixative. Recently it has been shown for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) that image analysis can automate fecundity determination using a power equation that links follicles per gram ovary to the mean vitellogenic follicular diameter (the autodiametric method). In this article we demonstrate the precision of the autodiametric method applied to a range of species with different spawning strategies during maturation and spawning. A new method using a solid displacement pipette to remove quantitative fecundity samples (25, 50, 100, and 200 milligram [mg]) is evaluated, as are the underlying assumptions to effectively fix and subsample the ovary. Finally, we demonstrate the interpretation of dispersed formaldehyde-fixed ovarian samples (whole mounts) to assess the presence of atretic and postovulatory follicles to replace labor intensive histology. These results can be used to estimate down regulation (production of atretic follicles) of fecundity during maturation

Verdiskaping og sysselsetting i jordbruket i Møre og Romsdal

Dette notatet presenterer beregninger av omsetning, verdiskaping og sysselsetting for ulike produksjoner innen jordbruket i Møre og Romsdal på kommunenivå. Videre har det vært en målsetting å tilpasse beregningsmodellen som tidligere er benyttet på andre fylker, til Møre og Romsdal, slik at den kan benyttes til å oppdatere tallene i framtida. Modellen kan også brukes til å vurdere konsekvenser av framtidige endringer i landbrukets rammevilkår både på kommune- og fylkesnivå. Omsetning omfatter både markedsinntekter og produksjonstilskudd. Når ikke annet er sagt, er verdiskaping i dette arbeidet beregnet som nettoprodukt, det vil si den resten som er igjen til betaling for innsatt arbeidskraft og rentekrav på all kapital. Dette tilsvarer vederlag til arbeid og kapital. I nasjonalregnskapet benyttes også bruttoprodukt som verdiskapingsmål. I bruttoproduktet er verdien av kapitalslitet med som en del av verdiskapingen, i tillegg til vederlaget til arbeid og kapital. I beregningene er antall bruk (jordbruksbedrifter) med forskjellige driftsformer hentet fra SLFs tilskuddsstatistikk, mens omsetning, verdiskaping og sysselsetting per bruk er beregnet ut fra NILFs driftsgranskinger. Modellen og beregningene inkluderer tall fra produksjon av tradisjonelle jord- og hagebruksråvarer som melk, kjøtt, ull, egg, korn, oljefrø, erter, frukt, bær, poteter, grønnsaker og blomster. […]publishedVersio

Noteringspunkt for melk – avklaring av kostnadselementer i Tine Råvare

publishedVersio