The Behavior and Mind Health (BeMIND) study: Methods, design and baseline sample characteristics of a cohort study among adolescents and young adults

Objectives: The Behavior and Mind Health (BeMIND) study is a population‐based cohort study of adolescents and young adults from Dresden, Germany. The aim is to investigate psychological and behavioral factors linked to a range of mental disorders and health behaviors and their interaction with social‐environmental and genetic/biologic factors. Methods: A random sample of 14–21 year olds was drawn from the population registry in 2015. The baseline investigation was completed 11/2015–12/2016 (N = 1,180). Assessments include standardized diagnostic interview, cognitive‐affective tasks, questionnaires, biosamples, and ecologic momentary assessment in real life with combined actigraphic/geographic monitoring. In the family study component, parents completed similar assessments and provided information on child's early development. Results: The participation rate (minimum response proportion) was 21.7%; the cooperation rate was 43.4%. Acceptance and completion of study components were high. General health data indicate that more than 80% reported no or only mild impairment due to mental or somatic health problems in the past year; about 20% ever sought treatment for mental health problems or chronic somatic illnesses, respectively. Conclusions: Data from BeMIND baseline and follow‐up investigations will provide novel insights into contributors to health and disease as adolescents grow into adulthood

Sexualhormone bei Frauen und deren Assoziation zu kardiovaskulärer Morbidität und Mortalität

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen Sexualhormonen/SHBG und einem breiten Spektrum kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktoren, Krankheiten und Mortalität in einer gesunden weiblichen Allgemeinbevölkerung in Nordostdeutschland untersucht. Krankheiten des Herz-Kreislaufsystems sind die häufigste Todesursache bei Frauen weltweit. Risikofaktoren für kardiovaskuläre Krankheiten schließen den Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus, Übergewicht, Hypertonie und Fettstoffwechselstörungen ein. Das gemeinsame Auftreten von definierten, multiplen und metabolischen Veränderungen wird als das Metabolische Syndrom bezeichnet. Zusätzlich weisen subklinische Veränderungen des kardiovaskulären Systems auf ein erhöhtes Risiko für klinisch manifestierte, kardiovaskuläre Krankheiten hin. Es wurden Daten der populationsbasierten longitudinalen Study of Health in Pomerania herangezogen und rund 2000 Frauen im Alter zwischen 20 und 79 Jahren analysiert. Um die Assoziation zwischen Sexualhormonen und kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren sowie Mortalität zu untersuchen, wurden verschiedene multivariable Regressionsmodelle verwendet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die untersuchten Sexualhormone/SHBG mit verschiedenen klinischen Korrelaten wie zum Beispiel BMI, Blutdruck oder Lipoproteinen in Beziehung stehen. Außerdem konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass SHBG, unabhängig von relevanten Kofaktoren, mit prävalentem und inzidentem Metabolischem Syndrom sowie prävalentem Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus assoziiert ist. Es wurde kein unabhängiger Zusammenhang zwischen Sexualhormonen/SHBG mit inzidenten subklinischen oder klinischen kardiovaskulären Krankheiten oder der Mortalität gefunden. Die meisten dargestellten Ergebnisse bestätigen frühere internationale Studien und erweitern sie um den Aspekt der großen weiblichen Studienstichprobe. Für die zukünftige Forschung wäre es von großem Interesse, das prädiktive Potential von SHBG als Biomarker des Metabolischen Syndroms in anderen populationsbasierten bzw. patientenbasierten Studien zu bestätigen, um somit neue Biomarker für kardiovaskuläre Krankheiten zu etablieren. Zusammenfassend bekräftigen die durchgeführten Analysen die Hypothese, dass zunehmende Androgenisierung der Frau mit einem erhöhten kardiovaskulären Risiko einhergeht.Associations between sex hormones and SHBG with cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular diseases and mortality were investigated in this dissertation thesis in a population-based, female study sample. Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death. Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases include type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of multiple metabolic abnormalities, including visceral obesity, impaired glucose homeostasis, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Additionally, subclinical changes in the cardiovascular system indicate a higher risk factor burden for clinically manifest cardiovascular diseases. Data of the longitudinal, population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) including 2000 women between 20 and 79 years in age were used. To analyze the association between sex hormones and cardiovascular risk factors, different multivariable regression models were implemented. Overall, the result showed that sex hormones are linked to clinical correlates like body mass index, blood pressure, or lipoproteins in women. Further analyses demonstrated that SHBG was associated with prevalent and incident metabolic syndrome as well as with prevalent type 2 diabetes mellitus. These results were independent of relevant confounders. This population-based cohort study did not yield any consistent associations between sex hormones or SHBG in women and incident subclinical and clinical cardiovascular diseases or mortality risk. Most of the depicted results are in line with previous international literature and extend these studies by the aspect of a large, female, population-based sample. To further elucidate the interplay between sex hormones and cardiovascular risk factors and especially the predictive potential of SHBG as a biomarker for the metabolic syndrome, additional research from longitudinal observational studies, as well as randomized clinical trials is needed. In summary, the presented analyses support the hypothesis that androgenisation in women is associated with a higher cardiovascular risk

Hair androgen concentrations and depressive disorders in adolescents from the general population

Although the link between androgens and depression is well established in adults, the effects of cofactors on this association are less clearly understood, particularly in youth. Epidemiological cohort study of adolescents in Dresden, Germany. Analyses comprised data of 985 individuals assessed at baseline and of 512 individuals at 1-year follow-up. We investigated multivariable regression models for cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of hair testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and their cortisol ratios with 12-month diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD) and MDD without any anxiety disorder assessed with standardized diagnostic interview (DIA-X-5), and with dimensional depression scores (PHQ-9, PROMIS), separately for males and females. The potential moderating effect of social support was determined. Cross-sectional analyses yielded inverse associations of testosterone and DHEA with MDD and MDD without any anxiety disorders in males. In cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, baseline ratio cortisol/DHEA was significantly, inversely associated to PROMIS-depression in males. Only cross-sectional associations for ratio cortisol/DHEA and PROMIS-depression remained significant after Bonferroni-Holm correction. No robust associations were observed in female participants. Social support exerted no consistent moderating effect on the investigated association. The present observational cohort study showed no consistent association of hair androgen concentrations with depressive disorders in adolescents. However, findings provide some support for the association between the cortisol/DHEA ratio and depression in males. Longitudinal research designs in large samples are needed to understand the interplay between androgens, depression, and developmental and social factors in youth

Sex hormones and quantitative ultrasound parameters at the heel in men and women from the general population

Purpose/introduction: The present study investigates potential associations between liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) measured sex hormones, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and bone ultrasound parameters at the heel in men and women from the general population. Methods: Data from 502 women and 425 men from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND) were used. Cross-sectional associations of sex hormones including testosterone (TT), calculated free testosterone (FT), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), androstenedione (ASD), estrone (E1) and SHBG with quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters at the heel, including broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), speed of sound (SOS) and stiffness index (SI) were examined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariable quantile regression models. Results: Multivariable regression analysis showed a sex-specific inverse association of DHEAS with SI in men (Beta per SI unit = −3.08, standard error (SE) = 0.88), but not in women (Beta = −0.01, SE = 2.09). Furthermore, FT was positively associated with BUA in men (Beta per BUA unit = 29.0, SE = 10.1). None of the other sex hormones (ASD, E1) or SHBG was associated with QUS parameters after multivariable adjustment. Conclusions: This cross-sectional population-based study revealed independent associations of DHEAS and FT with QUS parameters in men, suggesting a potential influence on male bone metabolism. The predictive role of DHEAS and FT as a marker for osteoporosis in men warrants further investigation in clinical trials and large-scale observational studies

Association of sex hormones with physical, laboratory, and imaging markers of anthropometry in men and women from the general population

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of sex hormones with anthropometry in a large population-based cohort, with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS)-based sex hormone measurements and imaging markers.Cross-sectional data from 957 men and women from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) were used. Associations of a comprehensive panel of LCMS-measured sex hormones with anthropometric parameters, laboratory, and imaging markers were analyzed in multivariable regression models for the full sample and stratified by sex. Sex hormone measures included total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (fT), estrone and estradiol, androstenedione (ASD), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Domains of anthropometry included physical measures (body-mass-index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-height-ratio, waist-to-hip-ratio, and hip circumference), laboratory measures of adipokines (leptin and vaspin), and magnet resonance imaging-based measures (visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue).In men, inverse associations between all considered anthropometric parameters with TT were found: BMI (β-coefficient, standard error (SE): -0.159, 0.037), waist-circumference (β-coefficient, SE: -0.892, 0.292), subcutaneous adipose tissue (β-coefficient, SE: -0.156, 0.023), and leptin (β-coefficient, SE: -0.046, 0.009). In women TT (β-coefficient, SE: 1.356, 0.615) and estrone (β-coefficient, SE: 0.014, 0.005) were positively associated with BMI. In analyses of variance, BMI and leptin were inversely associated with TT, ASD, and DHEAS in men, but positively associated with estrone. In women, BMI and leptin were positively associated with all sex hormones.The present population-based study confirmed and extended previously reported sex-specific associations between sex hormones and various anthropometric markers of overweight and obesity

Associations of androgens with depressive symptoms and cognitive status in the general population

<div><p>Objectives</p><p>Associations between androgens and depressive symptoms were mostly reported from cross-sectional and patient-based studies.</p><p>Study design/main outcome measures</p><p>Longitudinal data from 4,110 participants of the Study of Health in Pomerania were used to assess <b>se</b>x-specific associations of baseline total and free testosterone, androstenedione and sex hormone-binding globulin with incident depressive symptoms and cognitive status at 5- and 10-year follow-up.</p><p>Results</p><p>Despite sex-specific differences in depressive symptoms prevalence at baseline (women: 17.4%, men: 8.1%), cross-sectional analyses showed no associations between sex hormones and depressive symptoms. In age-adjusted longitudinal analyses, total testosterone was associated with incident depressive symptoms (relative risk at 5-year follow-up: 0.73, 95% confidence interval: 0.58–0.92). Similarly, age-adjusted analyses showed a positive association between sex hormone-binding globulin and cognitive status in men (β-coefficient per standard deviation: 0.44, 95% confidence interval: 0.13–0.74). In women, age-adjusted associations of androstenedione with baseline depressive symptoms (relative risk: 0.88, 95% confidence interval: 0.77–0.99) were found. None of the observed associations remained after multivariable adjustment.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The present population-based, longitudinal study revealed inverse associations between sex hormones and depressive symptoms. However, the null finding after multivariable adjustment suggests, that the observed associations were not independent of relevant confounders including body mass index, smoking and physical inactivity. Furthermore, the low number of incident endpoints in our non-clinical population-based sample limited the statistical power and reduced the chance to detect a statistically significant effect.</p></div

Baseline characteristics of the study population, stratified by sex.

<p>Baseline characteristics of the study population, stratified by sex.</p

Depressive symptoms prevalence at baseline by specific subgroups.

<p>Low total testosterone was defined as <10.4 nmol/L. TT, total testosterone; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.</p