Performance of ceramic superconductors in magnetic bearings

Magnetic bearings are large-scale applications of magnet technology, quite similar in certain ways to synchronous machinery. They require substantial flux density over relatively large volumes of space. Large flux density is required to have satisfactory force density. Satisfactory dynamic response requires that magnetic circuit permeances not be too large, implying large air gaps. Superconductors, which offer large magnetomotive forces and high flux density in low permeance circuits, appear to be desirable in these situations. Flux densities substantially in excess of those possible with iron can be produced, and no ferromagnetic material is required. Thus the inductance of active coils can be made low, indicating good dynamic response of the bearing system. The principal difficulty in using superconductors is, of course, the deep cryogenic temperatures at which they must operate. Because of the difficulties in working with liquid helium, the possibility of superconductors which can be operated in liquid nitrogen is thought to extend the number and range of applications of superconductivity. Critical temperatures of about 98 degrees Kelvin were demonstrated in a class of materials which are, in fact, ceramics. Quite a bit of public attention was attracted to these new materials. There is a difficulty with the ceramic superconducting materials which were developed to date. Current densities sufficient for use in large-scale applications have not been demonstrated. In order to be useful, superconductors must be capable of carrying substantial currents in the presence of large magnetic fields. The possible use of ceramic superconductors in magnetic bearings is investigated and discussed and requirements that must be achieved by superconductors operating at liquid nitrogen temperatures to make their use comparable with niobium-titanium superconductors operating at liquid helium temperatures are identified

Conserving Energy with No Watt Left Behind

Facilities managers for industrial and commercial sites want to develop detailed electrical consumption profiles of their electrical and electromechanical loads, including expensive physical plant for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and equipment for manufacturing and production. This information is essential in order to understand and optimize energy consumption, to detect and solve equipment failures and problems, and to facilitate predictive maintenance of electromechanical loads. As energy costs rise, residential customers are also developing a growing interest in understanding the magnitude and impact of their electrical consumption quickly, easily, and informatively

Homeostatic control : the utilitycustomer marketplace for electric power

A load management system is proposed in which the electric utility customer controls his on-site power demand to coincide with the lowest possible cost of power generation. Called Homeostatic Control, this method is founded on feedback between the customer and the utility and on customer independence. The utility has no control beyond the customer's meter. Computers located at the customer's site are continuously fed data on weather conditions, utility generating costs, and demand requirements for space conditioning, lighting, and appliances. The customer then directs the computer to schedule and control the power allotted for these functions. On-site generation by the customer can be incorporated in the system. It is argued that homeostatic control is technically feasible, that the level of control equipment sophistication can be adapted to the benefits received by the customer, that such a system would encourage the use of customer-site energy storage and energy conservation equipment, and that it represents a realistic method for allowing the customer to decide how he will use electric power during an era of increasing costs for power generation. (LCL

Switched Reluctance Motor Drives for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Because of the ever‐increasing concerns on the energy utilization and environmental protection, the development of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) has become a hot research topic. As the major part of HEV technologies, the electric motor drives have to offer high efficiency, high power density, high controllability, wide‐speed operating range, and maintenance‐free operation. In particular, the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive can achieve most of these goals; therefore, this motor type has drawn much attention in the past. This chapter aims to serve as an overview of the latest developments of the SR motor drive, purposely for HEV applications. To be specific, the discussions on motor structures for torque density enhancement and torque ripple minimization are covered

Modeling and Design of a Double-Sided Linear Motor with Halbach Array for Low-Vibration and High-Acceleration Applications

In this paper, Amperian current and magnetic charge models of permanent magnets are integrated into a hybrid approach to develop a comprehensive analytical modeling for designing a slotless double-sided linear motor with an arbitrary Halbach array. Unlike the conventional methods that treat magnets as sources for Poisson's equations, the solution is reduced to Laplace's equations, with magnets being represented as boundary conditions. The proposed hybrid approach reduces the complexity of of the problem, requiring the solution for only two or three regions compared to a large number of regions if either Amperian currents or magnetic charges were utilized. The magnetic fields and potentials within distinct regions, along with machine quantities such as shear stress, force-angle characteristics, torque profile, attraction force, misalignment force, and back-EMF, are derived, comprehensively analyzed, and compared to FEM results for accuracy validation. Finally, a thorough sensitivity analysis and design consideration of a linear stage for high acceleration and low vibration applications is discussed

An Actuator with Magnetic Restoration, Part II: Drive Circuit and Control Loops

In part II, an op-amp-based drive is proposed and designed. Subsequently, a very accurate model for the drive circuit and the current loop is developed as a simulation platform, while its simplified version is derived, tailored for efficient design purposes. Through a comprehensive evaluation, the accuracy and efficacy of both the actuator and drive circuit modeling is scrutinized, showcasing their superiorities over existing approaches. The importance of eddy current modeling is underscored. Also, the effectiveness of the designed current loop and its practical trade-offs are engineered and discussed. Then, three DSP-based position control techniques are implemented: pole placement with voltage drive, pole placement with current drive, and nonlinear control with feed linearization. Both full-order and reduced-order observers are leveraged to estimate the unmeasured states. The performance of control designs across various applications are evaluated through indices such as rise time, overshoot, steady-state error, and large-signal tracking in the step response as well as bandwidth, robustness, phase margin, sensitivity, disturbance rejection, and noise rejection in the frequency domain. The distinctive features of implemented control strategy are compared, offering a nuanced discussion of their respective advantages and drawbacks, shedding light on their potential applications

An Actuator with Magnetic Restoration, Part I: Electromechanical Model and Identification

Electromechanical models are crucial in the design and control of motors and actuators. Modeling, identification, drive, and current control loop of a limited-rotation actuator with magnetic restoration is presented. New nonlinear and linearized electromechanical models are developed for the design of the drive as well as small and large signal controls of the actuator. To attain a higher accuracy and an efficient design, and the eddy-currents in the laminations and magnet are modeled. This involves analytically solving 1-D and 2-D diffusion equations, leading to the derivation of a lumped-element circuit for system-level analyses, such as control system design. Additionally, the study analyzes and incorporates the impact of pre-sliding friction. The actuator is prototyped, and the paper delves into the identification of the model, presenting a procedure for parameter extraction. A close agreement is observed between the results obtained from the model, finite element analysis, and experimental results. The superiority of the proposed model over previous approaches is highlighted. Part II of the paper is dedicated to the drive circuit, the current control, as well as linear and nonlinear position control system designs

Online sensorless position estimation for switched reluctance motors using one current sensor

This paper proposes an online sensorless rotor position estimation technique for switched reluctance motors (SRMs) using just one current sensor. It is achieved by first decoupling the excitation current from the bus current. Two phase-shifted pulse width modulation signals are injected into the relevant lower transistors in the asymmetrical half-bridge converter for short intervals during each current fundamental cycle. Analog-to-digital converters are triggered in the pause middles of the dual pulse to separate the bus current for excitation current recognition. Next, the rotor position is estimated from the excitation current, by a current-rise-time method in the current-chopping-control mode in a low-speed operation and a current-gradient method in the voltage-pulse-control mode in a high-speed operation. The proposed scheme requires only a bus current sensor and a minor change to the converter circuit, without a need for individual phase current sensors or additional detection devices, achieving a more compact and cost-effective drive. The performance of the sensorless SRM drive is fully investigated. The simulation and experiments on a 750-W three-phase 12/8-pole SRM are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme

Electromagnetic design and loss calculations of a 1.12-MW high-speed permanent-magnet motor for compressor applications

Electromagnetic design of a 1.12-MW, 18 000-r/min high-speed permanent-magnet motor (HSPMM) is carried out based on the analysis of pole number, stator slot number, rotor outer diameter, air-gap length, permanent magnet material, thickness, and pole arc. The no-load and full-load performance of the HSPMM is investigated in this paper by using 2-D finite element method (FEM). In addition, the power losses in the HSPMM including core loss, winding loss, rotor eddy current loss, and air friction loss are predicted. Based on the analysis, a prototype motor is manufactured and experimentally tested to verify the machine design

Developing a new SVPWM control strategy for open-winding brushless doubly fed reluctance generators

In this paper, a new open-winding control strategy is proposed for a brushless doubly fed reluctance generator (BDFRG) used for stand-alone wind turbine or ship generators. The BDFRG is characterized with two windings on the stator: a power winding and a control winding. The control winding is fed with dual two-level three-phase converters, and a vector control scheme based on space vector pulsewidth modulation is designed. Compared with traditional three-level inverter systems, the dc-link voltage and the voltage rating of power devices in the proposed system are reduced by 50% while still greatly improving the reliability, redundancy, and fault tolerance of the proposed system by increasing the switching modes. Its performance is evaluated by simulation in MATLAB/Simulink and an experimental study on a 42-kW prototype machine