- During the Kim Il Sung and the Kim Jung Un Eras

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(한국학전공), 2021. 2. 박태균.국문 초록 (ABSTRACT IN KOREA) 핵무기 보유를 견제하기 위한 국제사회의 제재와 징벌적 조치에도 불구하고, 국제사회에서 고립되어 있으며 재정으로도 열악한 북한은 여전히 상대적으로 안정적인 정권을 유지하고 있다. 북한의 국제 관계 연구에 있어 자세히 연구되지 않았던 비주류에 속하는 외교적 현상에 대한 정밀한 분석은 국제사회에 위협이 되는 북한 문제를 다른 방식으로 다룰 수 있는 대안적인 관점을 제공할 수 있다. 이러한 배경에서 아프리카에 대한 북한 대외정책의 방향 전환의 배경과 구체적인 외부요인이 김일성 시대 데탕트 시대(1960~1979)와 김정은 시대(2011~2011년)의 비교연구를 기준으로 본 논문에서 분석된다. 어떤 측면에서 북한과 아프리카 외교 관계 연구가 의미가 있는 것인가? 우선, 김일성 통치 시기에 속하는 데탕트 시대의 경우, 북한은 주체사상을 기반으로 군사 및 인력 그리고 재정적 지원을 아프리카에 제공하는 등 안정된 외교 관계를 아프리카 국가와 맺기 위해 적극적인 외교적 노력을 기울였다. 이후에도, 고립된 국제적 위치에서 벗어나기 위해 수십 년 동안 북한은 아프리카 국가들과 우호적인 외교 관계를 유지했다. 또한, 김정은 시대에 들어서는 일부 아프리카 국가와의 지속적인 경제적 교류는 유엔과 미국의 제재로 인해 궁핍한 재정을 보충하는 중요한 기회를 제공하였다. 북한의 아프리카 외교 정책이 가장 활발했던 시기와 전례 없이 심각한 국제적 제재에 직면한 김정은 정권 시대의 아프리카 외교를 비교하면 북한의 외교정책변화를 가장 극명하게 살펴볼 수 있을 것이다. 서로 다른 시기에 변화된 북한의 아프리카 외교 정책 연구는 양측간의 고위급 간부의 상호 방문의 빈도와 방문목적 그리고 북한의 아프리카 국가들에 대한 군사적 지원 행태 분석 등의 지표로 측정될 것이다. 북한 대외정책에 영향을 주고 있는 4가지 주요 대외적 요인에는 국제사회의 제재와 아프리카에 대한 북한의 군사적 지원, 남한의 할슈타인(Hallstein Doctrine)원칙에 기반한 외교정책 그리고 비동맹운동(NAM) 연대 등이다. 이와 같은 대외적 요인이 실제로 북한과 아프리카의 외교 관계에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지, 또한 북한의 아프리카 대외정책의 시기별 전환 과정은 어땠는지 자세히 검토할 예정이다. Key words :북한,아프리카,외교 관계,군사교류,국제 제재,남한의 할슈타인(Hallstein Doctrine) 원칙 Student Number: 2017- 20782ABSTRACT North Korea, an isolated and impoverished nation, still maintains its relatively stable regime despite all the international sanctions and punitive measures. The deep analysis of the hidden foreign relation between the DPRK and Africa could extend our existing perceptions and offer alternative perspectives to handle continuous threats posed by this secretive country in different ways. In this background, crucial external reasons for the reorientation of North Korean foreign policy in Africa will be analyzed by a comparative study between the Détente period (1960-1979) during the Kim Il Sung era and the Kim Jung Un eras (2011- present). Why does the foreign relation between North Korea and African nations matter? In the past, North Korea pursued amicable diplomatic relations with African nations for decades ultimately to obtain reliable supports from them on the international stage in the diplomatic competition with South Korea. Besides promoting the ideology Juche (self-reliance) and providing infrastructure and military assistance to African countries, North Korea passionately tried to bond close ties with the African counterparts to escape from its isolated international position. Even until Nowadays, some African countries have still functioned as financial lifelines for the benefits of the DPRK against severe sanctions imposed by the U.N. and the United States, the official diplomatic exchanges between the two regions have significantly decreased. The difference in the previous and current North Korean foreign policy strategies in Africa can be more clearly presented by comparing the détente period when North Korea established the most robust diplomatic relations with African nations and the recent Kim Jong Un regime when its whole external relation is greatly limited under the unprecedentedly severe international sanctions. Firstly, the shifted North Korean foreign policy in Africa during the two different periods will be measured by two indicators: the exchange of high-level officers and the military assistance from North Korea to African nations. Secondly, the four external factors that have been influencing North Koreas foreign policy were selected: international sanctions, military assistance from the DPRK, the Hallstein doctrine of South Korea, and the solidarity of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). By closely reviewing these factors individually and analyzing what influence they have had on the diplomatic relation between the DPRK and Africa, it will be revealed how the reorientation of the DPRKs foreign policy in Africa has been evolved. Keywords: North Korea, Africa, diplomatic relation, military exchange, international sanction, Hallstein doctrine of South Korea Student Number: 2017- 20782I. INTRODUCTION 1 1. Research Background 1 2. Research Questions & Hypothesis 5 3. Literature Review 7 4. Methodology 11 II. DEFINITION OF FOREIGN POLICY 14 1. The difference between Foreign Policy and diplomacy 14 2. The determinants of Foreign Policy 16 III. GENERAL REVIEW 18 1. The overview of foreign relations between North Korea and Africa 18 2. A comparative study between Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Un Eras 23 IV. REDIRECTION OF NORTH KOREAN FOREIGN POLICY IN AFRICA 26 1. Official exchanges of high-level officers 26 2. The military assistance 38 V. ANALYSIS OF THE EXTERNAL FACTORS 46 1 Sanction on the trade between the DPRK and African nations 47 2 The Hallstein doctrine of South Korea 63 3 The solidarity of NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) 67 VI. CONCLUSION 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY 77 ABSTRACT IN KOREA 87 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 89Maste

Physician-prescribed Asthma Treatment Regimen does not differ Between Smoking and Non-smoking Patients With Asthma in Seoul and Gyunggi province of Korea

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank Lauren Weisenfluh and Melissa Stauffer, PhD, in collaboration with SCRIBCO, for medical writing assistance. Funding for this research was provided by Merck & Co., Inc. The authors also wish to thank Eric Maiese and Sharlette Everett for their contributions to the design and implementation of the study and the analytic plan. The authors would also like to thank the study investigators who contributed to patient enrollment and data collection: Drs. Young Il Hwang (Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital), Young Min Ye (Ajou University Medical Center), Joo Hee Kim (Ajou University Medical Center), Heung Woo Park (Seoul National University Hospital), Tae Wan Kim (Seoul National University Hospital), Jae Jeong Shim (Korea University Guro Hospital), Gyu Young Hur (Korea University Guro Hospital), Soo Taek Uh (SoonChunHyang University Hospital), Sang Ha Kim (Wonju Christian Hospital), Myoung Kyu Lee (Wonju Christian Hospital), Soo Keol Lee (Dong-A Medical Center), Jin Hong Chung (Yeungnam University Medical Center), Kyu Jin Kim (Yeungnam University Medical Center), Young Koo Jee (Dankook University Hospital), Kyung Mook Kim (Dankook University Hospital), Young Il Koh (Chonnam National University Hospital), Cheol Woo Kim (Inha university Hospital), You Sook Cho (Seoul Asan Medical Center), Tae Bum Kim (Seoul Asan Medical Center), Jae Myung Lee (Myeong Internal Medicine), Young Mok Lee (Good Friends Internal Medicine), Bong Chun Lee (Namsan Hospital), So Yoen Park (A&A Clinic).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Su Hyun Kim, Piano

Sonata C Major Hob: HVI:48 / J. Haydn; Rhapsodie Espagnole S. 254 / F. Liszt; Piano Concerto No. 3 Op. 26 / S. Prokofie

Alcune considerazioni sul rapporto tra semantica e metafisica nella teoria degli eventi di Kim

La teoria degli eventi che Kim delinea \ue8 considerata una delle pi\uf9 influenti teorie metafisiche de- gli eventi. In questo lavoro si presenta tale teoria e si esamina la sua plausibilit\ue0. In particolare, si indaga la tesi semantica di Kim secon- do cui due nominali per eventi sono coreferenziali solo se le espres- sioni predicative che essi contengono stanno per la stessa propriet\ue0. Inoltre, si esamina i) se gli eventi concepiti alla Kim debbano essere distinti dai fatti e ii) quali sono i motivi per cui tale teoria d\ue0 luogo ad una implausibile moltiplicazione degli eventi

Nonextensive aspects of self-organized scale-free gas-like networks

We explore the possibility to interpret as a 'gas' the dynamical self-organized scale-free network recently introduced by Kim et al (2005). The role of 'momentum' of individual nodes is played by the degree of the node, the 'configuration space' (metric defining distance between nodes) being determined by the dynamically evolving adjacency matrix. In a constant-size network process, 'inelastic' interactions occur between pairs of nodes, which are realized by the merger of a pair of two nodes into one. The resulting node possesses the union of all links of the previously separate nodes. We consider chemostat conditions, i.e., for each merger there will be a newly created node which is then linked to the existing network randomly. We also introduce an interaction 'potential' (node-merging probability) which decays with distance d_ij as 1/d_ij^alpha; alpha >= 0). We numerically exhibit that this system exhibits nonextensive statistics in the degree distribution, and calculate how the entropic index q depends on alpha. The particular cases alpha=0 and alpha to infinity recover the two models introduced by Kim et al.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure

1990년대 고난의 행군기 북한의 정치담론 분석

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공),2019. 8. 이근.1990년대의 정치 및 경제 위기는 북한정권의 탄력성에 대해 선전 전략의 변화를 요구하는 과제를 제시해왔다. 북한정권은 첫 지도자 지위 계승에서 오는 정치적 어려움과 자연재해 및 변환하는 국제정세에서 비롯된 경제위기를 극복하기 위해서 항일무장투쟁시기 고난의 행군의 기억을 소환하여 새로운 정치담론을 생성하였다. 이렇게 생성된 새로운 정치담론이 과거의 기억을 효율적으로 호출하기 위해서는 역사적 사실에 근거해야 하며 기존 정치담론의 구조를 어느 정도 표방해야 한다. 본 논문은 지도자의 연설문, 신문, 영화, 음악 등 북한의 다양한 선전물을 분석하여 선동전략에서 북한 정권 탄력성의 근원을 찾고자 한다. 본 논문은 연구는 우선 적의 형성 및 비판, 항일투쟁역사의 소환, 공감 유발, 자기 희생으로의 유인 이라는 북한 정치담론의 기본 구조를 파악하였다. 나아가 1990년대 경제위기의 정치담론과 현재 세습제도를 정당화 시키는 유일사상체제를 완성한 1970년대의 정치담론을 해당 구조를 기반으로 비교한다. 비교분석을 통해서 정당성을 보장하기 위해 정치담론의 구조는 변화하지 않았으나 내용은 시기의 국내외적 요구에 따라 변화한 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 1990년대 경제위기의 정치담론이 북한에서 신화로 굳어버린 항일투쟁시기 고난의 행군의 역사에 크게 의존하여 마르크스-레닌주의에서 비롯된 기존 사회주의사상에 변화를 주어 세습정치의 정당성을 확보했던 것으로 보인다. 또한, 당시 선동전략은 역사에 대한 공통된 기억을 형성하여 사회에 연대감을 강화시켰던 것으로 보인다. 북한정권은 경제위기를 극복하였고 사상과 군사의 강성대국을 이룩했다고 주장했다. 그리고 최근 북한정권은 경제분야에서도 강성대국의 꿈을 이루겠다는 목표를 강조해왔다. 하지만 현실에서의 북한은 경제강국의 건설이라는 목표에서 거리가 멀어 보인다. 과거 정치담론에서 오는 제약 또한 북한정권의 경제목표를 달성하는 데에 방해요소로 작용되는 것으로 보인다.For North Koreas regime resilience, the political and economic crisis in the 1990s presented challenges which required a change in its propaganda strategy. In order to overcome the political challenge of power transfer and the economic difficulties caused by natural disasters and changing international order, the North Korean regime has revived the memory of the Arduous March during the Japanese colonial period in its propaganda. For the new discourse to legitimately invoke the past memories, the discourse has to be grounded upon historical facts as well as a constant structure of previous discourses for continuity. Through analyzing the propaganda works of public speeches, newspapers, movies and music, the paper attempts to find the source of the North Koreas regime resilience in the mobilization strategy. The paper first identified the continuous structure of constructing and criticizing state enemies, recalling the memory of anti-Japanese struggle, eliciting empathy, and inducing self-sacrifice of the people. Then, the contents of the propaganda during the economic difficulties of 1990s are compared to the propaganda used during the 1970s to justify the monolithic ideology of Kim Il-sung which allowed the family dictatorship to exist. Though, the structure of propaganda has remained unchanged for legitimacy, the contents have changed to meet the demand of the external and internal changes. The discourse formed during the economic crisis relied heavily on the apocryphal fable of the Arduous March during the Japanese colonial period to justify the new ruling principles detached from the traditional Marxism–Leninism and to legitimize the ruling Kim family. The mobilization strategy also aimed at strengthening the social solidarity through creating a shared memory of the history. The North Korean regime has claimed that it has overcome the economic crisis and has achieved the goal of creating a strong military and ideological state. And, the regime has emphasized that economic development will be accomplished soon. However, the current situation of North Korea is quite distant from its presented goal of economic power. Limitations stemming from the previous discourses have also provided obstacles for the regime to make policy decisions toward economic development.Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Motive 3 1.2 Structure 7 2. Literature Review & Research Question 9 2.1 Regime Resilience 9 2.2 Propaganda 10 2.3 Economic Difficulties in the 1990s 13 2.4 Research Question 15 3. Research Design 18 3.1 Research Question 15 3.2 Research Question 15 3.3 Research Question 15 4. Political Discourse Analysis 20 4.1 Legitimizing Kim Il-sungs Monolithic Ideology 26 4.1.1 Criticism to Claim Superiority 27 4.1.2 Recalling the Memory: Making Legend of Kim Il-Sung 29 4.1.3 Eliciting Empathy: Large Family and Orphans 31 4.1.4 Inducing Self-Sacrifice: Partisan Spirit 33 4.2 Kim Jong-ils Response to Crisis 33 4.2.1 Criticism to Identify Scapegoat 43 4.2.2 Recalling the Memory: Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il and Mt. Paektu 34 4.2.3 Eliciting Empathy: Innate Good and Maternal Affection 3 4.2.4 Inducing Self-Sacrifice: One for All 42 5. Policy Implementation of the Discourse to Three Major Strongholds 46 5.1 Social Policy: Songun Policy 49 5.2 Economic Policy: System of Economic Regional Self-Sufficiency 53 5.3 Defense & Foreign Policy: Anti-America/Imperialist Stance and Self-Reliance 56 6. Conclusion 59 6.1 Impact of the Arduous March 60 6.2 Implications 61 References Abstract (Korean)Maste

The Characteristics of Necessity, Commoner, and Parasite with Multicultural Data Comparison

Three different types of employees can be found in workplaces all over the world: “Necessities,” “Commoners,” and “Parasites.” A person is a Necessity if s/he is irreplaceable and crucial to the functioning of an organization. A Commoner is a person of normal ability and talent who has no significant impact on organizational success. Parasites are detrimental freeloaders who damage the functioning of an organization. To identify the principal characteristics of these three types of workers, a group of researchers led by Chong W. Kim conducted six studies in which they collected survey data from undergraduate and graduate business students in the U.S., India, Korea, Chile, and Japan. The results of this research effort are reported in Kim & Sikula (2005), Kim & Sikula (2006), Kim, Sikula & Smith (2006), Kim, Cho & Sikula (2007), Kim, Arias- Bolzmann & Smith (2008), and Kim, Arias-Bolzmann & Magoshi (2009). The summary of these six studies has been reported in Kim, Smith, Sikula & Anderson (2011). The purpose of this article is to compare the results of the summary study with a new set of data, which was collected from a multicultural student body. The authors note the points of commonality between the data sets and offer their thoughts on future research in this area

Remarks on non-linear noise excitability of some stochastic heat equations

We consider nonlinear parabolic SPDEs of the form $\partial_t u=\Delta u + \lambda \sigma(u)\dot w$ on the interval $(0, L)$, where $\dot w$ denotes space-time white noise, $\sigma$ is Lipschitz continuous. Under Dirichlet boundary conditions and a linear growth condition on $\sigma$, we show that the expected $L^2$-energy is of order $\exp[\text{const}\times\lambda^4]$ as $\lambda\rightarrow \infty$. This significantly improves a recent result of Khoshnevisan and Kim. Our method is very different from theirs and it allows us to arrive at the same conclusion for the same equation but with Neumann boundary condition. This improves over another result of Khoshnevisan and Kim