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- During the Kim Il Sung and the Kim Jung Un Eras
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ตญ์ ๋ํ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ๊ณผ(ํ๊ตญํ์ ๊ณต), 2021. 2. ๋ฐํ๊ท .๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ด๋ก
(ABSTRACT IN KOREA)
ํต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ง๋ฒ์ ์กฐ์น์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , ๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ์์ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ด์
ํ ๋ถํ์ ์ฌ์ ํ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ ์ธ ์ ๊ถ์ ์ ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ถํ์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ด๊ณ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์ด ์์ธํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ง ์์๋ ๋น์ฃผ๋ฅ์ ์ํ๋ ์ธ๊ต์ ํ์์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ฐํ ๋ถ์์ ๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ํ์ด ๋๋ ๋ถํ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๋ค๋ฃฐ ์ ์๋ ๋์์ ์ธ ๊ด์ ์ ์ ๊ณตํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๋ํ ๋ถํ ๋์ธ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ฐฉํฅ ์ ํ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ถ์์ธ์ด ๊น์ผ์ฑ ์๋ ๋ฐํํธ ์๋(1960~1979)์ ๊น์ ์ ์๋(2011~2011๋
)์ ๋น๊ต์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์ ๋ถ์๋๋ค.
์ด๋ค ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ๋ถํ๊ณผ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๊ต ๊ด๊ณ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ? ์ฐ์ , ๊น์ผ์ฑ ํต์น ์๊ธฐ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ฐํํธ ์๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๋ถํ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ฌ์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฐ์ฌ ๋ฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ง์์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ๋ฑ ์์ ๋ ์ธ๊ต ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๋งบ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ต์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ธฐ์ธ์๋ค. ์ดํ์๋, ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์์น์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๊ธฐ ์ํด ์์ญ ๋
๋์ ๋ถํ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฐํธ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ต ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๋ค. ๋ํ, ๊น์ ์ ์๋์ ๋ค์ด์๋ ์ผ๋ถ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์ ์ง์์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ต๋ฅ๋ ์ ์๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ฌ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ถํํ ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ณด์ถฉํ๋ ์ค์ํ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ์๋ค. ๋ถํ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๊ต ์ ์ฑ
์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ํ๋ฐํ๋ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ก ์์ด ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ง๋ฉดํ ๊น์ ์ ์ ๊ถ ์๋์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๊ต๋ฅผ ๋น๊ตํ๋ฉด ๋ถํ์ ์ธ๊ต์ ์ฑ
๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ทน๋ช
ํ๊ฒ ์ดํด๋ณผ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ณํ๋ ๋ถํ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๊ต ์ ์ฑ
์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์์ธก๊ฐ์ ๊ณ ์๊ธ ๊ฐ๋ถ์ ์ํธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ ๋น๋์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๋ชฉ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ถํ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ํ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ์ง์ ํํ ๋ถ์ ๋ฑ์ ์งํ๋ก ์ธก์ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ถํ ๋์ธ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋ 4๊ฐ์ง ์ฃผ์ ๋์ธ์ ์์ธ์๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๋ํ ๋ถํ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ์ง์, ๋จํ์ ํ ์ํ์ธ(Hallstein Doctrine)์์น์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ ์ธ๊ต์ ์ฑ
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋น๋๋งน์ด๋(NAM) ์ฐ๋ ๋ฑ์ด๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋์ธ์ ์์ธ์ด ์ค์ ๋ก ๋ถํ๊ณผ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ธ๊ต ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ด๋ค ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋์ง, ๋ํ ๋ถํ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋์ธ์ ์ฑ
์ ์๊ธฐ๋ณ ์ ํ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ด๋ ๋์ง ์์ธํ ๊ฒํ ํ ์์ ์ด๋ค.
Key words :๋ถํ,์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด,์ธ๊ต ๊ด๊ณ,๊ตฐ์ฌ๊ต๋ฅ,๊ตญ์ ์ ์ฌ,๋จํ์ ํ ์ํ์ธ(Hallstein Doctrine) ์์น
Student Number: 2017- 20782ABSTRACT
North Korea, an isolated and impoverished nation, still maintains its relatively stable regime despite all the international sanctions and punitive measures. The deep analysis of the hidden foreign relation between the DPRK and Africa could extend our existing perceptions and offer alternative perspectives to handle continuous threats posed by this secretive country in different ways. In this background, crucial external reasons for the reorientation of North Korean foreign policy in Africa will be analyzed by a comparative study between the Dรฉtente period (1960-1979) during the Kim Il Sung era and the Kim Jung Un eras (2011- present).
Why does the foreign relation between North Korea and African nations matter? In the past, North Korea pursued amicable diplomatic relations with African nations for decades ultimately to obtain reliable supports from them on the international stage in the diplomatic competition with South Korea. Besides promoting the ideology Juche (self-reliance) and providing infrastructure and military assistance to African countries, North Korea passionately tried to bond close ties with the African counterparts to escape from its isolated international position.
Even until Nowadays, some African countries have still functioned as financial lifelines for the benefits of the DPRK against severe sanctions imposed by the U.N. and the United States, the official diplomatic exchanges between the two regions have significantly decreased. The difference in the previous and current North Korean foreign policy strategies in Africa can be more clearly presented by comparing the dรฉtente period when North Korea established the most robust diplomatic relations with African nations and the recent Kim Jong Un regime when its whole external relation is greatly limited under the unprecedentedly severe international sanctions.
Firstly, the shifted North Korean foreign policy in Africa during the two different periods will be measured by two indicators: the exchange of high-level officers and the military assistance from North Korea to African nations. Secondly, the four external factors that have been influencing North Koreas foreign policy were selected: international sanctions, military assistance from the DPRK, the Hallstein doctrine of South Korea, and the solidarity of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). By closely reviewing these factors individually and analyzing what influence they have had on the diplomatic relation between the DPRK and Africa, it will be revealed how the reorientation of the DPRKs foreign policy in Africa has been evolved.
Keywords: North Korea, Africa, diplomatic relation, military exchange, international sanction, Hallstein doctrine of South Korea
Student Number: 2017- 20782I. INTRODUCTION 1
1. Research Background 1
2. Research Questions & Hypothesis 5
3. Literature Review 7
4. Methodology 11
II. DEFINITION OF FOREIGN POLICY 14
1. The difference between Foreign Policy and diplomacy 14
2. The determinants of Foreign Policy 16
III. GENERAL REVIEW 18
1. The overview of foreign relations between North Korea and Africa 18
2. A comparative study between Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Un Eras 23
IV. REDIRECTION OF NORTH KOREAN FOREIGN POLICY IN AFRICA 26
1. Official exchanges of high-level officers 26
2. The military assistance 38
V. ANALYSIS OF THE EXTERNAL FACTORS 46
1 Sanction on the trade between the DPRK and African nations 47
2 The Hallstein doctrine of South Korea 63
3 The solidarity of NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) 67
VI. CONCLUSION 71
BIBLIOGRAPHY 77
ABSTRACT IN KOREA 87
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 89Maste
Physician-prescribed Asthma Treatment Regimen does not differ Between Smoking and Non-smoking Patients With Asthma in Seoul and Gyunggi province of Korea
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank Lauren Weisenfluh and Melissa Stauffer, PhD, in collaboration with SCRIBCO, for medical writing assistance. Funding for this research was provided by Merck & Co., Inc. The authors also wish to thank Eric Maiese and Sharlette Everett for their contributions to the design and implementation of the study and the analytic plan. The authors would also like to thank the study investigators who contributed to patient enrollment and data collection: Drs. Young Il Hwang (Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital), Young Min Ye (Ajou University Medical Center), Joo Hee Kim (Ajou University Medical Center), Heung Woo Park (Seoul National University Hospital), Tae Wan Kim (Seoul National University Hospital), Jae Jeong Shim (Korea University Guro Hospital), Gyu Young Hur (Korea University Guro Hospital), Soo Taek Uh (SoonChunHyang University Hospital), Sang Ha Kim (Wonju Christian Hospital), Myoung Kyu Lee (Wonju Christian Hospital), Soo Keol Lee (Dong-A Medical Center), Jin Hong Chung (Yeungnam University Medical Center), Kyu Jin Kim (Yeungnam University Medical Center), Young Koo Jee (Dankook University Hospital), Kyung Mook Kim (Dankook University Hospital), Young Il Koh (Chonnam National University Hospital), Cheol Woo Kim (Inha university Hospital), You Sook Cho (Seoul Asan Medical Center), Tae Bum Kim (Seoul Asan Medical Center), Jae Myung Lee (Myeong Internal Medicine), Young Mok Lee (Good Friends Internal Medicine), Bong Chun Lee (Namsan Hospital), So Yoen Park (A&A Clinic).Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Su Hyun Kim, Piano
Sonata C Major Hob: HVI:48 / J. Haydn; Rhapsodie Espagnole S. 254 / F. Liszt; Piano Concerto No. 3 Op. 26 / S. Prokofie
Alcune considerazioni sul rapporto tra semantica e metafisica nella teoria degli eventi di Kim
La teoria degli eventi che Kim delinea \ue8 considerata una delle pi\uf9 influenti teorie metafisiche de- gli eventi. In questo lavoro si presenta tale teoria e si esamina la sua plausibilit\ue0. In particolare, si indaga la tesi semantica di Kim secon- do cui due nominali per eventi sono coreferenziali solo se le espres- sioni predicative che essi contengono stanno per la stessa propriet\ue0. Inoltre, si esamina i) se gli eventi concepiti alla Kim debbano essere distinti dai fatti e ii) quali sono i motivi per cui tale teoria d\ue0 luogo ad una implausibile moltiplicazione degli eventi
Nonextensive aspects of self-organized scale-free gas-like networks
We explore the possibility to interpret as a 'gas' the dynamical
self-organized scale-free network recently introduced by Kim et al (2005). The
role of 'momentum' of individual nodes is played by the degree of the node, the
'configuration space' (metric defining distance between nodes) being determined
by the dynamically evolving adjacency matrix. In a constant-size network
process, 'inelastic' interactions occur between pairs of nodes, which are
realized by the merger of a pair of two nodes into one. The resulting node
possesses the union of all links of the previously separate nodes. We consider
chemostat conditions, i.e., for each merger there will be a newly created node
which is then linked to the existing network randomly. We also introduce an
interaction 'potential' (node-merging probability) which decays with distance
d_ij as 1/d_ij^alpha; alpha >= 0). We numerically exhibit that this system
exhibits nonextensive statistics in the degree distribution, and calculate how
the entropic index q depends on alpha. The particular cases alpha=0 and alpha
to infinity recover the two models introduced by Kim et al.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure
1990๋ ๋ ๊ณ ๋์ ํ๊ตฐ๊ธฐ ๋ถํ์ ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ๋ถ์
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๊ตญ์ ๋ํ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ ํ๋ ฅ์ ๊ณต),2019. 8. ์ด๊ทผ.1990๋
๋์ ์ ์น ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ ๋ถํ์ ๊ถ์ ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ํด ์ ์ ์ ๋ต์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํด์๋ค. ๋ถํ์ ๊ถ์ ์ฒซ ์ง๋์ ์ง์ ๊ณ์น์์ ์ค๋ ์ ์น์ ์ด๋ ค์๊ณผ ์์ฐ์ฌํด ๋ฐ ๋ณํํ๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ธ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ํญ์ผ๋ฌด์ฅํฌ์์๊ธฐ ๊ณ ๋์ ํ๊ตฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ต์ ์ํํ์ฌ ์๋ก์ด ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ์ ์์ฑํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์์ฑ๋ ์๋ก์ด ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ต์ ํจ์จ์ ์ผ๋ก ํธ์ถํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ฌ์ค์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํด์ผ ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ํ๋ฐฉํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ง๋์์ ์ฐ์ค๋ฌธ, ์ ๋ฌธ, ์ํ, ์์
๋ฑ ๋ถํ์ ๋ค์ํ ์ ์ ๋ฌผ์ ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ ์ ๋์ ๋ต์์ ๋ถํ ์ ๊ถ ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ ๊ทผ์์ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฐ์ ์ ์ ํ์ฑ ๋ฐ ๋นํ, ํญ์ผํฌ์์ญ์ฌ์ ์ํ, ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ ๋ฐ, ์๊ธฐ ํฌ์์ผ๋ก์ ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ถํ ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ์๋ค. ๋์๊ฐ 1990๋
๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ๊ณผ ํ์ฌ ์ธ์ต์ ๋๋ฅผ ์ ๋นํ ์ํค๋ ์ ์ผ์ฌ์์ฒด์ ๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ 1970๋
๋์ ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ์ ํด๋น ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋น๊ตํ๋ค. ๋น๊ต๋ถ์์ ํตํด์ ์ ๋น์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ๋ณํํ์ง ์์์ผ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ๊ตญ๋ด์ธ์ ์๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ณํํ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 1990๋
๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ์ด ๋ถํ์์ ์ ํ๋ก ๊ตณ์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ํญ์ผํฌ์์๊ธฐ ๊ณ ๋์ ํ๊ตฐ์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ํฌ๊ฒ ์์กดํ์ฌ ๋ง๋ฅดํฌ์ค-๋ ๋์ฃผ์์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฌํ์ฃผ์์ฌ์์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ด ์ธ์ต์ ์น์ ์ ๋น์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๋ํ, ๋น์ ์ ๋์ ๋ต์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๋ํ ๊ณตํต๋ ๊ธฐ์ต์ ํ์ฑํ์ฌ ์ฌํ์ ์ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ๊ฐํ์์ผฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
๋ถํ์ ๊ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ์๊ณ ์ฌ์๊ณผ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ฑ๋๊ตญ์ ์ด๋ฃฉํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ต๊ทผ ๋ถํ์ ๊ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ถ์ผ์์๋ ๊ฐ์ฑ๋๊ตญ์ ๊ฟ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ๋ชฉํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํด์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ํ์ค์์์ ๋ถํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ ๊ฑด์ค์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ชฉํ์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฉ์ด ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ์์ ์ค๋ ์ ์ฝ ๋ํ ๋ถํ์ ๊ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐฉํด์์๋ก ์์ฉ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.For North Koreas regime resilience, the political and economic crisis in the 1990s presented challenges which required a change in its propaganda strategy. In order to overcome the political challenge of power transfer and the economic difficulties caused by natural disasters and changing international order, the North Korean regime has revived the memory of the Arduous March during the Japanese colonial period in its propaganda. For the new discourse to legitimately invoke the past memories, the discourse has to be grounded upon historical facts as well as a constant structure of previous discourses for continuity. Through analyzing the propaganda works of public speeches, newspapers, movies and music, the paper attempts to find the source of the North Koreas regime resilience in the mobilization strategy.
The paper first identified the continuous structure of constructing and criticizing state enemies, recalling the memory of anti-Japanese struggle, eliciting empathy, and inducing self-sacrifice of the people. Then, the contents of the propaganda during the economic difficulties of 1990s are compared to the propaganda used during the 1970s to justify the monolithic ideology of Kim Il-sung which allowed the family dictatorship to exist. Though, the structure of propaganda has remained unchanged for legitimacy, the contents have changed to meet the demand of the external and internal changes.
The discourse formed during the economic crisis relied heavily on the apocryphal fable of the Arduous March during the Japanese colonial period to justify the new ruling principles detached from the traditional MarxismโLeninism and to legitimize the ruling Kim family. The mobilization strategy also aimed at strengthening the social solidarity through creating a shared memory of the history.
The North Korean regime has claimed that it has overcome the economic crisis and has achieved the goal of creating a strong military and ideological state. And, the regime has emphasized that economic development will be accomplished soon. However, the current situation of North Korea is quite distant from its presented goal of economic power. Limitations stemming from the previous discourses have also provided obstacles for the regime to make policy decisions toward economic development.Table of Contents
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Motive 3
1.2 Structure 7
2. Literature Review & Research Question 9
2.1 Regime Resilience 9
2.2 Propaganda 10
2.3 Economic Difficulties in the 1990s 13
2.4 Research Question 15
3. Research Design 18
3.1 Research Question 15
3.2 Research Question 15
3.3 Research Question 15
4. Political Discourse Analysis 20
4.1 Legitimizing Kim Il-sungs Monolithic Ideology 26
4.1.1 Criticism to Claim Superiority 27
4.1.2 Recalling the Memory: Making Legend of Kim Il-Sung 29
4.1.3 Eliciting Empathy: Large Family and Orphans 31
4.1.4 Inducing Self-Sacrifice: Partisan Spirit 33
4.2 Kim Jong-ils Response to Crisis 33
4.2.1 Criticism to Identify Scapegoat 43
4.2.2 Recalling the Memory: Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il and Mt. Paektu 34
4.2.3 Eliciting Empathy: Innate Good and Maternal Affection 3
4.2.4 Inducing Self-Sacrifice: One for All 42
5. Policy Implementation of the Discourse to Three Major Strongholds 46
5.1 Social Policy: Songun Policy 49
5.2 Economic Policy: System of Economic Regional Self-Sufficiency 53
5.3 Defense & Foreign Policy: Anti-America/Imperialist Stance and Self-Reliance 56
6. Conclusion 59
6.1 Impact of the Arduous March 60
6.2 Implications 61
References
Abstract (Korean)Maste
The Characteristics of Necessity, Commoner, and Parasite with Multicultural Data Comparison
Three different types of employees can be found in workplaces all over the world: โNecessities,โ โCommoners,โ and โParasites.โ A person is a Necessity if s/he is irreplaceable and crucial to the functioning of an organization. A Commoner is a person of normal ability and talent who has no significant impact on organizational success. Parasites are detrimental freeloaders who damage the functioning of an organization. To identify the principal characteristics of these three types of workers, a group of researchers led by Chong W. Kim conducted six studies in which they collected survey data from undergraduate and graduate business students in the U.S., India, Korea, Chile, and Japan. The results of this research effort are reported in Kim & Sikula (2005), Kim & Sikula (2006), Kim, Sikula & Smith (2006), Kim, Cho & Sikula (2007), Kim, Arias- Bolzmann & Smith (2008), and Kim, Arias-Bolzmann & Magoshi (2009). The summary of these six studies has been reported in Kim, Smith, Sikula & Anderson (2011). The purpose of this article is to compare the results of the summary study with a new set of data, which was collected from a multicultural student body. The authors note the points of commonality between the data sets and offer their thoughts on future research in this area
Remarks on non-linear noise excitability of some stochastic heat equations
We consider nonlinear parabolic SPDEs of the form on the interval , where denotes
space-time white noise, is Lipschitz continuous. Under Dirichlet
boundary conditions and a linear growth condition on , we show that the
expected -energy is of order as
. This significantly improves a recent result of
Khoshnevisan and Kim. Our method is very different from theirs and it allows us
to arrive at the same conclusion for the same equation but with Neumann
boundary condition. This improves over another result of Khoshnevisan and Kim
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