Pitkäaikaisen säilörehunurmen kaliumlannoitus heikosti kaliumia pidättävillä mailla

VokKirjasto Aj-

An integrated simulation model to evaluate national policies for the abatement of agricultural nutrients in the Baltic Sea

This study introduces a prototype model for evaluating policies to abate agricultural nutrients in the Baltic Sea from a Finnish national point of view. The stochastic simulation model integrates nutrient dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in the sea basins adjoining the Finnish coast, nutrient loads from land and other sources, benefits from nutrient abatement (in the form of recreation and other ecosystem services) and the costs of agricultural abatement activities. The aim of this study is to present the overall structure of the model and to demonstrate its potential using preliminary parameters

Pathways for introduction of invasive pests and the value of production at risk in the different sectors of plant production

Selvityksessä koottiin yhteen eri kasvilajeihin ja tuotannonaloihin liittyvien kasvinterveysriskien arvioinnissa tarvittavaa tietoa a) kasvintuhoojien leviämisväylien volyymistä ja b) eri tuotannonaloilla uhattuna olevan tuotannon arvosta. Selvityksessä katettiin mahdollisimman laajasti kaikki tavara, jonka mukana kasvintuhoojat voivat levitä Suomeen. Lisäksi selvitettiin Suomeen suuntautuvan liikenteen määrät. Suomeen tuotavan tavaran määriä arvioitiin pääasiassa virallisista tilastoista saatujen tietojen avulla. Tuotannon arvoa kuvattiin tuotannon määrän ja tuottajahinnan tulolla. Selvityksessä katettuja tuotteita hankittiin ulkomailta vuosittain yhteensä noin 12 miljardia kg, mistä noin 92 % oli puutavaraa, 7 % elintarvikkeita tai elintarviketeollisuuden raaka-aineita ja 0,2 % lisäysaineistoa. Lisäysaineistoa arvioitiin hankittavan ulkomailta vuosittain noin 2 900 miljardia kappaletta, josta noin 99,7 % oli peltokasvien siemeniä. Selvityksessä arvioitiin yhteensä noin 130 kasvilajin tai -suvun kaupan määrä. Kasvintuotannon arvon arvioitiin olevan yhteensä noin 3,5 miljardia euroa vuodessa. Tästä metsätaloustuotannon arvo oli noin 54 %, peltokasvituotannon noin 31 % ja puutarhatuotannon noin 11 %.Rapporten innehåller information som behövs för att bedöma växtskyddsriskerna för olika växtarter och olika produktionsområden med fokus på a) produktvolymen som utgör spridningsvägar för växtskadegörare och b) värdet på den produktion som hotas inom olika produktionsområden. Rapporten omfattar i så stor utsträckning som möjligt alla produkter som kan sprida växtskadegörare till Finland. Dessutom utreddes volymen på trafiken in till Finland. Mängderna produkter som förs in till Finland uppskattades huvudsakligen med hjälp av officiella statistikuppgifter. Produktionens värde beskrevs utgående från produktionsvolym och producentpriser. Totalt infördes cirka 12 miljarder kg produkter till Finland årligen, varav cirka 92 % var virke och trävaror, 7 % livsmedel eller råvaror för livsmedelsindustrin och 0,2 % förökningsmaterial. Mängden förökningsmaterial från utlandet uppskattades till cirka 2 900 miljarder frön och plantor årligen, av vilka cirka 99,7 % var utsäde för jordbruksgrödor. Antalet växtarter eller -släkten uppskattades till totalt cirka 130 stycken i rapporten. Växtproduktionens värde uppskattades till totalt cirka 3,5 miljarder euro om året. Cirka 54 % av värdet utgjordes av skogsbruksproduktion, cirka 31 % var åkerväxtproduktion och cirka 11 % trädgårdsproduktion.This report compiles basic information needed when assessing the pest risk related to different plant species and sectors of plant production, namely information on a) the volume of pathways of entry and b) the value at risk in the sectors of plant production. The report covers all the products that can act as pathways for pest entry into Finland as comprehensively as possible. Also, the volume of traffic into Finland is reported. The amount of goods traded into Finland was estimated mainly based on official statistics. The value of plant production was assessed based on the volume of production and producer prices. The total amount of the goods traded into Finland was estimated to be about 12 billion kg yearly, of which about 92% were wood and wood products, 7% food and raw materials for the food industry, and about 0.2% propagation material. The total amount of propagation material traded into Finland was about 2 900 billion seeds and/or plants for planting per year. The report covers the trade in about 130 plant species or families. The value of plant production was estimated to be in total about 3.5 billion euros per year. Of this, forestry covers about 54%, field crops about 31% and horticultural production about 11%

Early adolescent aggression predicts antisocial personality disorder in young adults : a population-based study

Modestly prevalent in the general population (4%), but highly prevalent in prison populations (>40%), the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) involves aggression as one of several possible criteria. Using multiple informants, we aimed to determine if general aggression, as well as direct and indirect subtypes, assessed in early adolescence (ages 12, 14) predict young adulthood ASPD in a population-based sample. Using data from a Finnish population-based longitudinal twin cohort study with psychiatric interviews available at age 22 (N=1347), we obtained DSM-IV-based ASPD diagnoses. Aggression measures from ages 12 (parental and teacher ratings) and 14 (teacher, self, and co-twin ratings) were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) of ASPD from logistic regression models and the area under the curve (AUC) from receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Analyses were adjusted for sex, age, and family structure. All informants' aggression ratings were significant (pPeer reviewe

Middle age self-report risk score predicts cognitive functioning and dementia in 20–40 years

Introduction: On the basis of the proxy measures of cognitive reserve, we created a middle age self-report risk score for early prediction of dementia.Methods: We used a longitudinal population-based study of 2602 individuals with a replication sample (N = 1011). Risk score at a mean age of 47 years was based on questions on educational and occupational attainments. Cognitive status at a mean age of 74 was determined via two validated telephone instruments.Results: The prevalence of dementia was 10% after a mean follow-up of 28 years. Risk score was a good predictor of dementia: area under the curve = 0.77 (95% confidence interval, 0.74–0.80). The risk of dementia decreased as a function of risk score from 36% to 0%. The risk score was significantly associated with cognition after a mean follow-up of 39 years in the replication sample.Discussion: Self-report risk score predicted cognitive functioning and dementia risk 20–40 years later.</h4

Middle age self-report risk score predicts cognitive functioning and dementia in 20-40 years

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Triplets, birthweight, and handedness

The mechanisms behind handedness formation in humans are still poorly understood. Very low birthweight is associated with higher odds of left-handedness, but whether this is due to low birthweight itself or premature birth is unknown. Handedness has also been linked to development, but the role of birthweight behind this association is unclear. Knowing that birthweight is lower in multiple births, triplets being about 1.5 kg lighter in comparison with singletons, and that multiples have a higher prevalence of left-handedness than singletons, we studied the association between birthweight and handedness in two large samples consisting exclusively of triplets from Japan (n = 1,305) and the Netherlands (n = 947). In both samples, left-handers had significantly lower birthweight (Japanese mean = 1,599 g [95% confidence interval (CI): 1,526–1,672 g]; Dutch mean = 1,794 g [95% CI: 1,709–1,879 g]) compared with right-handers (Japanese mean = 1,727 g [95% CI: 1,699–1,755 g]; Dutch mean = 1,903 g [95% CI: 1,867–1,938 g]). Within-family and between-family analyses both suggested that left-handedness is associated with lower birthweight, also when fully controlling for gestational age. Left-handers also had significantly delayed motor development and smaller infant head circumference compared with right-handers, but these associations diluted and became nonsignificant when controlling for birthweight. Our study in triplets provides evidence for the link between low birthweight and left-handedness. Our results also suggest that developmental differences between left- and right-handers are due to a shared etiology associated with low birthweight

Objectively measured physical activity profile and cognition in Finnish elderly twins

Introduction We studied whether objectively measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) are associated with cognition in Finnish elderly twins. Methods This cross-sectional study comprised twins born in Finland from 1940 to 1944 in the Older Finnish Twin Cohort (mean age, 72.9 years; 726 persons). From 2014 to 2016, cognition was assessed with a validated telephonic interview, whereas PA was measured with a waist-worn accelerometer. Results In between-family models, SB and light physical activity had significant linear associations with cognition after adjusting for age, sex, wearing time, education level, body mass index, and living condition (SB: β-estimate, −0.21 [95% confidence intervals, −0.42 to −0.003]; light physical activity: β-estimate, 0.30 [95% confidence intervals, 0.02–0.58]). In within-family models, there were no significant linear associations between objectively measured PA and cognition. Discussion Objectively measured light physical activity and SB are associated with cognition in Finnish twins in their seventies, but the associations were attributable to genetic and environmental selection.Peer reviewe

Chronic diseases and objectively monitored physical activity profile among aged individuals - a cross-sectional twin cohort study

Introduction: High physical activity (PA) at old age indicates good functional capacity enabling independent living. We investigated how different disease conditions are associated with measured PA indicators in old women and men, and whether they recognize this association. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional twin cohort study in Finland comprised 779 individuals (276 complete twin pairs, including 117 monozygotic pairs), who participated in hip-worn accelerometer monitoring of PA and responded to questions on diseases and mobility limitations at mean age of 73 (range 71-75). Results: Of the participants, 23.2% reported having a disease restricting mobility. With sex and age in the regression model, the reported disease restricting mobility explained 11.8% of the variation in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and 10.4% of the variation in daily steps. Adding stepwise other self-reported diseases and body mass index to the model increased the explanatory power for MVPA up to 18.5% and 25.5%, and for daily steps up to 16.0% and 20.7%, respectively. In the co-twin control analysis the PA differences were smaller in disease-discordant monozygotic than dizygotic pairs. Conclusions: Chronic disease conditions are associated with low PA, which individuals may not always recognize. Shared genetic factors may explain part of the associations.Key messages Among community-dwelling older men and women one-fourth of the variation in objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is accounted for by age, sex, body mass index and self-reported diseases. Occurrence of chronic diseases is associated with low physical activity and individuals do not always recognize this. Healthcare professionals should pay attention to the low physical activity and mobility of individuals with chronic disease conditions before these result in limitations in independent living.Peer reviewe