Family structure and breakfast consumption of 11-15 year old boys and girls in Scotland, 1994-2010

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The benefits of breakfast during childhood and adolescence have been reported previously though few studies have considered family structure inequalities in breakfast consumption. The proportion of young people living in non-traditional family types has increased in recent years, strengthening the need to describe and monitor the impact of the changing family unit on adolescent breakfast consumption. This study aimed to describe changes in daily breakfast consumption among adolescents in Scotland between 1994 and 2010, while also considering family structure inequalities, and the degree to which these have changed over time.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Data from the 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006 and 2010 Scottish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) surveys were analysed using logistic multilevel regression models for binary outcome variable daily breakfast consumption.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Daily breakfast consumption among adolescents increased between 1994 and 2010, although there were differences by age and sex. In fact those aged over 14.5 years saw decreases in breakfast consumption, and girls saw significantly larger increases than boys. Daily breakfast consumption was more prevalent among adolescents from 'both parent' families, with lowest prevalence among those from single parent families. Trends in daily breakfast consumption between 1994 and 2010 also varied by family structure. While prevalence of daily breakfast consumption increased among those living with 'both parents', the largest proportion of the population, prevalence decreased over time among adolescents of single parent families, and particularly among those living with their father.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Family structure inequalities in daily breakfast consumption increased between 1994 and 2010, while breakfast consumption across the population as a whole increased. As the proportion of young people living in an alternative family structure continues to grow it is important to understand why these inequalities have increased and how these may be overcome. Possible reasons for family structure inequalities and their increase in recent years are discussed.</p

Progress in the development of an 88-mm bore 10 Tn3Sn dipole magnet

A 10 T, 2-layer cos(&thetas;)-dipole model magnet with an 88 mm clear bore utilizing an advanced powder-in-tube Nb3Sn conductor is being developed for the LHC. A dedicated conductor development program has resulted in a well performing Rutherford cable containing strands that uniquely exhibit both an overall current density of 600 A/mm2 @ 11 T and filaments with a diameter of 20 ¿m. The resistance between crossing strands amounts to 30-70 ¿¿ by insertion of a stainless steel core. After being exposed to a transverse pressure of 200 MPa identical cables show negligible permanent degradation of the critical current. The mechanical support structure is further optimized in order to reduce the peak stress in the mid-plane to below 130 MPa at full excitation and to control the pre-stress build-up during system assembly. Prior to the manufacturing of the final coils a dummy 2-layer pole is wound, heat-treated at 675°C and vacuum resin impregnated. This paper presents the current status of the magnet development program and highlights in particular the successful conductor developmen

Conductor development for a wide bore 10 T Nb3Sn model dipole magnet

An 87.8 mm bore single aperture 10 T Nb3Sn model dipole magnet is under development as a next step in the realization of high-field Nb3Sn dipole magnets. The magnet is a 2 layer cos(&thetas;)-dipole model as an alternative for the proposed NbTi D1 beam separator magnets for the LHC. After completion of the general magnetic and mechanical design, all attention is focused on the manufacturing and cabling of a novel powder-in-tube Nb3Sn conductor. This Nb3Sn conductor is characterized by a high non-Cu Jc of 2680 A/mm2 at 10 T with an effective filament size of about 20 ¿m. Cabling should result in a Rutherford type of cable exhibiting a moderate Jc degradation due to the cabling process itself, a low transverse stress sensitivity and a controllable minimum value of Rc. The conductor development program is presented and the results are evaluated. Progress on the actual realization of the coils is briefly describe

A participatory approach to the establishment of a baseline scenario for a reforestation Clean Develop ment Mechanism project

eng: This paper is part of a two-year study to investigate the feasibility of initiating a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project in an indigenous community of Eastern Panamá, Ipetí-Emberá. We use participatory mapping and matrices as well as household surveys to develop a land-use/land-cover baseline scenario and examine the role of local participation in assessing land-use change. In Ipetí, land-use change has not occurred in a linear way over the last decades, and our data unveils socio-economic factors as potential key drivers of change.spa: Este documento forma parte de un estudio de dos años para investigar la viabilidad de iniciar un proyecto del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL) en una comunidad indígena del este de Panamá, Ipetí-Emberá. Utilizamos mapas y matrices participativas así como encuestas de hogares para desarrollar un escenario de referencia sobre el uso y la cobertura de la tierra, y examinar el papel de la participación local en la evaluación de los cambios en el uso de la tierra. En Ipetí el cambio de uso de la tierra no se ha producido de forma lineal en las últimas décadas, y nuestros datos revelan factores socioeconómicos como posibles impulsores clave del cambio

Engaging Florida Residents: Motivations and Impacts of Community Gardens in Tampa Bay

While the impacts of community gardens have been well documented, research has mainly been concentrated in only a few urban areas of the United States. This paper highlights the social impacts of community gardens on west central Florida individuals, families, and communities. We use theories of community engagement to explore relationships between members and their larger spheres of influence. In this study, we surveyed 75 members of eight community gardens in Tampa Bay and used geographic information systems (GIS) mapping to show spatial distribution of gardens and members. Findings highlight multilevel impacts of community engagement in social, educational, and altruistic domains. Community gardens promote community engagement among members. The impacts of community gardens extend beyond the membership structure

New 2D thermal model applied to an LHC inner triplet quadrupole magnet

A newly developed numerical model is presented that enables to compute two-dimensional heat transfer and temperature distributions over the cross-section of superconducting accelerator magnets. The entire thermal path from strand-in-cable to heat sink, including helium channels is considered. Superfluid helium properties are combined with temperature- and field-dependent non-linear solid material properties. Interfacial interactions are also taken into account. The model is applied to the cross-section of an inner triplet quadrupole magnet featuring a new concept for the ground insulation. Beam loss profiles are implemented as main heat source. It is concluded that operational margins can be considerably increased by opening additional thermal paths, improving the cooling conditions

Swanton Pacific Ranch: Student Research Bibliography

Swanton Pacific Ranch (SPR) is a 3,200-acre ranch in Santa Cruz County, California, outside the town of Davenport. The ranch is an educational and research facility owned by the Cal Poly Corporation and managed by the California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences. SPR is a learning laboratory that employs Cal Poly’s Learn By Doing philosophy. Many students have completed research projects at SPR but no complete list of student projects exists. This bibliography includes Cal Poly authored student research and those co-authored with Cal Poly faculty and staff. Documents include senior projects, master’s theses, class projects, reports, and more. Though this bibliography is the most comprehensive to date, it is not exhaustive. The purpose of this document is to provide researchers with citations for difficult to locate gray literature. A number of resources were used to collect these citations, including DigitalCommons@CalPoly, Cal Poly’s library catalog, physical documents located at Swanton Pacific Ranch, and citation lists provided by Cal Poly staff and faculty. The citations include as much detail as available and the information was not edited or updated. The following document types are included: a “Senior Project” is a course or sequence that many departments require for a student to earn a bachelor\u27s degree; a “Master’s Thesis“ is the product of a systematic study of a significant problem; a “Class Project” corresponds with a specific class the author took during the author\u27s time at the university; and a “Case Study”, “Special Problem”, or “Report” involves detailed research on a specific subject. Please note that names of departments and classes have changed over time, and there are also name variations for some locations (ex. “Scott” Creek, “Scotts” Creek, “Scott’s” Creek). Missing citation information is noted by the following abbreviations UN (unknown document type), ND (no department listed), and DU (date unknown)

Parental and peer influences on physical activity among Scottish adolescents: a longitudinal study

BACKGROUND:This study investigated parental and peer influences on physical activity, examining gender and developmental differences during early-mid adolescence. METHODS:A 5-year longitudinal study tracking physical activity (measured by PAQ-C) among adolescents (n = 641) from final year of primary (P7) to fourth year of secondary school (S4). Peer support, peer socializing, parental support, and independent play were assessed. Logistic regression predicted physical activity, by year and gender, in relation to social influences. RESULTS:Boys reported higher physical activity, peer support, paternal support, and independent play than girls. Among both genders, peer, paternal, and maternal support decreased with age, whereas independent play increased. Time with friends was particularly important. Among high socializers (P7), odds of being active were over 3 times those of low socializers [boys: 3.53 (95% CI 1.77, 7.04), girls: 3.27 (95% CI 1.80, 5.92)]. Baseline physical activity was also a strong predictor among early secondary boys (OR 3.90 95% CI 2.10, 7.24) and girls (OR 4.15, 95% CI 2.00, 8.62). Parental support was less important than peer influences; only same-sex parental support remained significant in multivariables models. CONCLUSIONS:Parents and peers have important influences on adolescent physical activity. Significant gender and developmental effects are apparent through early-mid adolescence

Myogenic Progenitor Cells Control Extracellular Matrix Production by Fibroblasts during Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy

Satellite cells, the predominant stem cell population in adult skeletal muscle, are activated in response to hypertrophic stimuli and give rise to myogenic progenitor cells (MPCs) within the extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds myofibers. This ECM is composed largely of collagens secreted by interstitial fibrogenic cells, which influence satellite cell activity and muscle repair during hypertrophy and aging. Here we show that MPCs interact with interstitial fibrogenic cells to ensure proper ECM deposition and optimal muscle remodeling in response to hypertrophic stimuli. MPC-dependent ECM remodeling during the first week of a growth stimulus is sufficient to ensure long-term myofiber hypertrophy. MPCs secrete exosomes containing miR-206, which represses Rrbp1, a master regulator of collagen biosynthesis, in fibrogenic cells to prevent excessive ECM deposition. These findings provide insights into how skeletal stem and progenitor cells interact with other cell types to actively regulate their extracellular environments for tissue maintenance and adaptation