Tatar lexicography XXI century

The paper presents a complex study of 117 dictionaries of the Tatar language of the beginning of XXI century (2001-2015; without considering the individual volumes (issues) of multi-volume reference books), which includes an analysis of macro and microstructure and the classification of the Tatar linguographic sources with regard to different features. In recent years, an increasing number of dictionaries have appeared, at the same time one can see a significant increasing of the level of information potential of the traditional types of manuals, there are new types of Tatar linguographic sources. The analysis allowed us to determine that the bilingual (Russian-Tatar and Tatar-Russian) reference-books represent a considerable part of the body of Tatar dictionaries of the beginning of XXI century. All-round and systematic description demonstrates the diversity of the types of dictionaries, the continuity of the Tatar dictionaries in the components of macro and microstructures. For these dictionaries, expedient at the present time is presentation of the macrostructural components in the two official languages of the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian and Tatar), and not only in translation but also in monolingual reference books. This would contribute to the expansion of the circle of users, make access to the vocabulary data for people who do not know Tatar or are not well-versed in it easier under present-day conditions. The modern Tatar dictionaries record information relating to all levels of the language system, from phonetics (transcription, correct pronunciation) to the syntax (syntactic relationship, compatibility, etc.), at the same time there are cases of uncommon uniformity of description

Complex corpus of turkisms of the Russian language

The complex (multiple) corpus of Turkisms that is described in this article is the result of a long-standing study of the Turkic layer of Russian vocabulary, which has been formed in a multicultural language environment. The data obtained during analyzing the Turkic lexical elements from ten academic explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, published within the period from the 18th century till the 21st century, have been involved. A large number of lexicographic parameters in dictionaries of this type make it possible to create an adequate picture of the functioning of lexical units in the Russian literary language. The study uses descriptive, comparative-contrastive and statistical methods. The article fixes various shifts and changes associated with the functioning of the Turkic vocabulary layer during the period under consideration, in particular phonetic-graphic, grammatical, semantic, functional-stylistic changes. In addition, it analyzes the methods of lexicography (dictionary fixation) of loan words, for example, the features of the historical and etymological description of the Turkisms, which, in turn, enables to reveal various inaccuracies and inconsistencies relating to the dictionary description of Turkic words. In addition, the article discloses the advantages of a complex fund of Turkic borrowings of the Russian language, outlines the prospects and possibilities for its use. The information resource being created allows to fix and generalize the changes, characteristic of this circle of loan words of the Russian language

Corpus-based regiolect studies: Kazan region

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014. Our paper aims to regard the specificity of building and usage of e-corpora created in Kazan (Volga region) Federal University: dictionary and textual corpus “Kazan region: the language of Russian documents (16th to 17th centuries), e-corpus of Russian dialects in Kazan region (19th to 21st centuries), e-corpus of Russian texts connected with Kazan region / the Republic of Tatarstan (20th to 21st centuries). The article describes the informational potential of e-references containing and reflecting the significant data connected with general and specific characteristics of Kazan regiolect (the territory variant of Russian language used in Kazan region, which is well-known as a region of interlingual contacts)

A systematic review of infectious illness presenteeism : prevalence, reasons and risk factors

Background Workplace presenteeism is common and leads to the spread of infectious diseases. Previous reviews have focused on presenteeism in relation to general physical or mental ill health. In this systematic review we identified the prevalence of, and reasons and risk factors for, presenteeism in relation to an infectious illness. Method We searched Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO and PsycARTICLES with terms relating to infectious illnesses and presenteeism at the work place or school; reference lists of relevant articles were also hand-searched. Result Our search yielded 3580 papers after deduplication. After title, abstract and full text screening, 23 papers reporting on 24 studies were included. Twenty-three studies were cross-sectional studies and one was prospective. The quality of included studies was relatively poor due to problems such as sampling and non-response bias. Presenteeism prevalence ranged from 35 to 97%. Self-reported reasons for presenteeism fell into three main themes: 1. Organisational factors (organisational policy, presenteeism culture, disciplinary action), 2. Job characteristics (lack of cover, professionalism, job demand), and 3. Personal reasons (burden on colleagues, colleague perceptions, threshold of sickness absence and financial concerns). Statistical risk factors fell into four themes: 1. Sociodemographic, 2. Health, 3. Influenza-related behaviour, and 4. Employment characteristics. Most of the risk factors had insufficient evidence to allow us to draw any firm conclusions, and evidence regarding gender and age was inconsistent. The risk factor with the most consistent findings concerned occupation type, suggesting that those who worked in the healthcare sector, and specifically physicians, were at a higher risk of infectious illness presenteeism. Conclusion Infectious illness presenteeism is common. To address the public health consequences, organisations should focus on promoting a positive working culture and developing sickness absence policies that reduce presenteeism. Further research is needed in non-health sector organisations and schools to identify risk factors related to different organisations, which can then be used to tailor interventions at the organisational and individual level

A proposal for calculating the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for organic compounds responsible for liver toxicity based on their physicochemical properties

Objectives: Both environmental and occupational exposure limits are based on the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) or benchmark dose (BMD) deriving from epidemiological and experimental studies. The aim of this study is to investigate to what extent the NOAEL values for organic compounds responsible for liver toxicity calculated based on their physicochemical properties could be used for calculating occupational exposure limits. Material and Methods: The distribution coefficients from air to the liver (log Kliver) were calculated according to the Abraham solvation equation. NOAEL and LOAEL values for early effects in the liver were obtained from the literature data. The descriptors for Abraham's equation were found for 59 compounds, which were divided into 2 groups: "non-reactive" (alcohols, ketones, esters, ethers, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, amides) and "possibly reactive" (aldehydes, allyl compounds, amines, benzyl halides, halogenated hydrocarbons, acrylates). Results: The correlation coefficients between log-log K and log NOAEL for non-reactive and reactive compounds amounted to r = -0.8123 and r = -0.8045, respectively, and were statistically significant. It appears that the Abraham equation could be used to predict the NOAEL values for compounds lacking information concerning their liver toxicity. Conclusions: In view of the tendency to limit animal testing procedures, the method proposed in this paper can improve the practice of setting exposure guidelines for the unstudied compounds

Tatar lexicography XXI century

The paper presents a complex study of 117 dictionaries of the Tatar language of the beginning of XXI century (2001-2015; without considering the individual volumes (issues) of multi-volume reference books), which includes an analysis of macro and microstructure and the classification of the Tatar linguographic sources with regard to different features. In recent years, an increasing number of dictionaries have appeared, at the same time one can see a significant increasing of the level of information potential of the traditional types of manuals, there are new types of Tatar linguographic sources. The analysis allowed us to determine that the bilingual (Russian-Tatar and Tatar-Russian) reference-books represent a considerable part of the body of Tatar dictionaries of the beginning of XXI century. All-round and systematic description demonstrates the diversity of the types of dictionaries, the continuity of the Tatar dictionaries in the components of macro and microstructures. For these dictionaries, expedient at the present time is presentation of the macrostructural components in the two official languages of the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian and Tatar), and not only in translation but also in monolingual reference books. This would contribute to the expansion of the circle of users, make access to the vocabulary data for people who do not know Tatar or are not well-versed in it easier under present-day conditions. The modern Tatar dictionaries record information relating to all levels of the language system, from phonetics (transcription, correct pronunciation) to the syntax (syntactic relationship, compatibility, etc.), at the same time there are cases of uncommon uniformity of description

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The paper presents a complex study of 117 dictionaries of the Tatar language of the beginning of XXI century (2001-2015; without considering the individual volumes (issues) of multi-volume reference books), which includes an analysis of macro and microstructure and the classification of the Tatar linguographic sources with regard to different features. In recent years, an increasing number of dictionaries have appeared, at the same time one can see a significant increasing of the level of information potential of the traditional types of manuals, there are new types of Tatar linguographic sources. The analysis allowed us to determine that the bilingual (Russian-Tatar and Tatar-Russian) reference-books represent a considerable part of the body of Tatar dictionaries of the beginning of XXI century. All-round and systematic description demonstrates the diversity of the types of dictionaries, the continuity of the Tatar dictionaries in the components of macro and microstructures. For these dictionaries, expedient at the present time is presentation of the macrostructural components in the two official languages of the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian and Tatar), and not only in translation but also in monolingual reference books. This would contribute to the expansion of the circle of users, make access to the vocabulary data for people who do not know Tatar or are not well-versed in it easier under present-day conditions. The modern Tatar dictionaries record information relating to all levels of the language system, from phonetics (transcription, correct pronunciation) to the syntax (syntactic relationship, compatibility, etc.), at the same time there are cases of uncommon uniformity of description

Comprehensive web-based corpora of dictionaries: Informational features and user options

© 2019, Institute of Advanced Scientific Research, Inc. All rights reserved. The paper is concerned with one of the advanced directions of modern linguography1 – the development of complex electronic vocabulary resources; it discusses the network dictionary corpora being created in the Republic of Tatarstan, their information potential, operational capabilities and prospects of development. ThemaintargetsofresearchareKazanLinguographicalCorpusandElectronicCollectionofDictionaries. The areas of strength of these resources are considered: the possibility of forming an analyzed data array [one source, a group of sources (which can be formed with account of different parameters), all sources], the selection of lexical units following on from various formal and informative features, grammatical, lexical and semantic and functional stylistic characteristics, usability, etc. A broad spectrum of heuristic data can be obtained as a result of a comparative analysis of data from different language directories. Electronic dictionary corpora contribute to the further development of the theory and practice of linguography, create a reliable information base for the development of various types of dictionaries. The information potential of electronic vocabulary is strengthened not only by expanding the composition of sources and the range of recorded characteristics, but also by forming virtual complexes on their basis, within the framework of which various links are established with other Internet resources, among which text corpora hold a particular place

Comprehensive web-based corpora of dictionaries: Informational features and user options

© 2019, Institute of Advanced Scientific Research, Inc. All rights reserved. The paper is concerned with one of the advanced directions of modern linguography1 – the development of complex electronic vocabulary resources; it discusses the network dictionary corpora being created in the Republic of Tatarstan, their information potential, operational capabilities and prospects of development. ThemaintargetsofresearchareKazanLinguographicalCorpusandElectronicCollectionofDictionaries. The areas of strength of these resources are considered: the possibility of forming an analyzed data array [one source, a group of sources (which can be formed with account of different parameters), all sources], the selection of lexical units following on from various formal and informative features, grammatical, lexical and semantic and functional stylistic characteristics, usability, etc. A broad spectrum of heuristic data can be obtained as a result of a comparative analysis of data from different language directories. Electronic dictionary corpora contribute to the further development of the theory and practice of linguography, create a reliable information base for the development of various types of dictionaries. The information potential of electronic vocabulary is strengthened not only by expanding the composition of sources and the range of recorded characteristics, but also by forming virtual complexes on their basis, within the framework of which various links are established with other Internet resources, among which text corpora hold a particular place

Complex corpus of turkisms of the Russian language

The complex (multiple) corpus of Turkisms that is described in this article is the result of a long-standing study of the Turkic layer of Russian vocabulary, which has been formed in a multicultural language environment. The data obtained during analyzing the Turkic lexical elements from ten academic explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, published within the period from the 18th century till the 21st century, have been involved. A large number of lexicographic parameters in dictionaries of this type make it possible to create an adequate picture of the functioning of lexical units in the Russian literary language. The study uses descriptive, comparative-contrastive and statistical methods. The article fixes various shifts and changes associated with the functioning of the Turkic vocabulary layer during the period under consideration, in particular phonetic-graphic, grammatical, semantic, functional-stylistic changes. In addition, it analyzes the methods of lexicography (dictionary fixation) of loan words, for example, the features of the historical and etymological description of the Turkisms, which, in turn, enables to reveal various inaccuracies and inconsistencies relating to the dictionary description of Turkic words. In addition, the article discloses the advantages of a complex fund of Turkic borrowings of the Russian language, outlines the prospects and possibilities for its use. The information resource being created allows to fix and generalize the changes, characteristic of this circle of loan words of the Russian language