Subletalni učinci 2,4-diklorofenoksi octene kiseline (2,4-D) na slatkovodnog uskoškarog raka (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823)

2,4-D is a widely used phenoxy herbicide, potentially toxic to humans and biota. The objective of the present study was to reveal short term sublethal effects of 2,4-D on narrow-clawed freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823), based on histology, total haemocyte counts, selected haemolymph parameters, and oxidative stress parameters. In the laboratory conditions crayfish specimens were exposed to 9 mg L-1 of 2,4-D for one week. Experiments were conducted under semi-static conditions in 20 L-capacity aquaria where 10 freshwater crayfish were stocked per aquarium. Exposure (experimental) and control groups were used and the experiments were repeated two times. No mortality and behavioural changes were recorded during the experiments. Total haemocyte counts decreased significantly, while haemolymph glucose levels increased (P<0.05), when compared to the control group. Haemolymph levels of calcium, chloride, sodium, potassium, magnesium, total protein, and lactate did not change. Exposure resulted with increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) only in hepatopancreas. However, results of gill FOX assay showed a significant decrease in oxidative stress parameters (P<0.05). MDA levels of gill and abdominal muscle tissues and FOX levels of hepatopancreas and abdominal muscle tissues did not change when compared to the control group. Significant histopathological alterations were observed both in hepatopancreas (multifocal deformations in tubule lumen) and gill tissue (melanisation of gill lamella). Exposure of crayfish even to a sublethal concentration of 2,4-D alters histopathology and lipid peroxidation due to stress. Biomarkers studied here seem to be useful for the assessment of adverse/toxic effects of pesticides on non-target, indicator aquatic organisms.2,4-D je fenoksi herbicid koji se upotrebljava diljem svijeta, a potencijalno je toksičan za ljude i biotu. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je ispitati kratkoročne subletalne učinke herbicida 2,4-D na slatkovodnog uskoškarog raka (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) proučavanjem histoloških promjena, ukupnog broja hemocita, odabranih hemolitičkih parametara i parametara oksidacijskoga stresa. Jedinke slatkovodnog raka izložene su u laboratorijskim uvjetima koncentraciji od 9 mg L-1 herbicida 2,4-D tijekom sedam dana. Eksperimenti su izvedeni u polustatičkim uvjetima u 20-litarskim akvarijima. U svakom akvariju držano je 10 jedinki rakova, podijeljenih u skupinu koja je bila izložena herbicidu i u kontrolnu skupinu, a eksperiment je ponovljen tri puta. Tijekom eksperimenata nisu zabilježene nikakve promjene u stopi smrtnosti ili u ponašanju životinja. Ukupan se broj hemocita značajno smanjio, a razine glukoze u hemolimfi povećale (P<0,05) u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom. Razine kalcija, klorida, kalija, magnezija, ukupnog proteina i laktata u hemolimfi nisu se promijenile. Izlaganje herbicidu povisilo je razine malondialdehida (MDA) u hepatopankreasu. Međutim, rezultati FOX-testa na škrgama pokazali su značajno smanjenje parametara oksidacijskoga stresa (P<0,05), za razliku od razina MDA izmjerenih FOX-testom u škrgama i abdominalnom mišićnom tkivu te u hepatopankreasu, koje se nisu promijenile. Uočene su značajne histopatološke promjene u tkivu hepatopankreasa (multifokalne deformacije tubularnog lumena) i škrga (melanizacija škržnih listića). Izlaganje rakova subletalnoj koncentraciji herbicida 2,4-D izazvalo je histopatološke promjene te potaknulo lipidnu peroksidaciju zbog stresa. Čini se da su biomarkeri koji su promatrani u ovom ispitivanju korisni za procjenu neželjenih učinaka pesticida na neciljne vodene indikatorske organizme

Evaluation of corpus callosum by means of diffusion-weighted and conventional magnetic resonance imaging according to the age

YÖK Tez ID: 508432Karasu R, korpus kallosumun difüzyon ağırlıklı ve konvansiyonel manyetik rezonans görüntüleme ile yaşa göre değerlendirilmesi, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Radyoloji Anabilim Dalı Uzmanlık Tezi, Kırıkkale 2008.Difüzyon ağırlıklı görüntüleme, beyin dokusunun canlılığı hakkında fikir veren önemli bir yöntemdir. Kuvvetli manyetik alan gradientleri ile hasta hareketinden minimum etkilenir ve su moleküllerinin mikroskopik translasyonel hareketlerindeki değişikliklerin yansıtılmasında son derece hassastır. Beyin ödemi, sitotoksik ve vasojenik ödem olarak ikiye ayrılır. Konvansiyonel MRG, genellikle bu iki durumu birbirinden ayırt etmeye imkan vermez. Ancak difüzyon ağırlıklı görüntüleme su moleküllerinin hareketini temel alan bir yöntem olduğu için sitotoksik ödemi vasojenik ödemden ayırabilir. Yaşlanmanın etkisi ile beyaz cevherdeki selektif atrofi, gri cevherden belirgin olarak izlenmektedir. Beyaz cevherdeki atrofi, myeline liflerdeki azalmaya bağlıdır. Bu duruma ekstrasellüler mesafedeki artış da eşlik eder. Difüzyon ağırlıklı görüntüleme ile normal görünümlü beyinde yaşlanma ile ortaya çıkan değişikliklerin araştırılması yaşlanma sürecinin anlaşılmasında önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmamızda, difüzyon ağırlıklı görüntüleme ile su moleküllerinin aksonlar boyunca olan hareketlerinden yararlanarak elde edilen ADC değişikliklerinin yaşla değişiminin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Korpus kallosuma yönelik yaptığımız araştırmamızda, x, y ve z eksenlerindeki üç gradyentin ortalaması alınarak elde edilen otomatik ADC haritaları bulunan "trace" difüzyon kullanılmış ve ADC değerinin minimum ve maksimum değerleri 0.589-0.819 mm²/snx10?³; ortalama ADC değeri ise 0.735±0.043 mm²/snx10?³ olarak bulunmuştur. Çalışmamızda yaş arttıkça, korpus kallosumun ortalama ADC değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak belirgin derecede artış bulunmuştur (P<0.01). Sonuçta, ilerleyen yaşla beyaz cevherdeki suyun difüzyon kabiliyetindeki artış yönündeki teorimiz, verilerimizdeki istatistiksel olarak anlamlı sonuçlarla desteklenmiştir. Yani suyun korpus kallosumda difüzyon kabiliyetinin yaş ilerledikçe arttığı saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, klinik uygulamada yeni bir fonksiyonel görüntüleme yöntemi olan difüzyon ağırlıklı MRG'nin önümüzdeki yıllarda belirgin bir gelişme göstereceği ve daha yaygın olarak kullanılabileceği kuşkusuzdur.Anahtar kelimeler : DAG, ADC, korpus kallosum, yaş.Karasu R., Evaluation of corpus callosum by means of diffusion-weighted and conventional magnetic resonance imaging according to the age, Specialization Thesis for the Principal Scientific Branch of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, 2008.Diffusion-weighted imaging is a significant method that gives an idea as to the vitality of the brain tissue. DWI is affected from the movements of the patient at a minimum with its strong magnetic field gradients and is extraordinarily sensitive in reflection of the changes in the microscopic translational activities of the water molecules. Brain oedema is separated into two as cytotoxic oedema and vasogenic oedema. Conventional MRI does not usually enable detection between these two situations whereas diffusion-weighted imaging, being a method based on the activities of the water molecules, can distinguish cytotoxic oedema from vasogenic oedema. Selective atrophy in the white substance by the effect of aging is monitored clearly distinguished from the gray substance. Atrophy in the white substance depends on the decrease in the myelinated fibers. This situation is accompanied also by the increase in the extracellular distance. It is important for understanding the aging process to carry out the research by means of diffusion-weighted imaging into the changes which emerge along with aging in the brain that has a normal appearance. Objective of our study is to evaluate by means of diffusion-weighted imaging the ADC changes by aging which are obtained using the activities of the water molecules throughout axons. In our study carried out regarding corpus callosum, "trace" diffusion that has automatic ADC maps obtained by taking average of three gradients in the x, y and z axes has been used, and minimum and maximum values of the ADC value have been found as 0.589-0.819 mm²/snx10?³ while the average ADC value has been found as 0.735±0.043 mm²/snx10?³. Our study has revealed a distinctive statistical increase in the average ADC values of corpus callosum in line with aging (P<0.01). As a conclusion, our theory as to the increase in the diffusion capability of the water in the white substance along with aging has been substantiated with the statistically meaningful results in our data. In other words, it has been detected that diffusion capability of the water in corpus callosum increases along with aging. In conclusion, it is beyond doubt that the diffusion-weighted MRI which is a new functional imaging method in clinic application will be improved even better in the years to come and can be used in a more widespread manner.Key Words: DWI, ADC, corpus callosum, age

Korpus kallosumun difüzyon ağırlıklı ve konvansiyonel mr görüntüleme ile yaşa göe değerlendirilmesi

Tez (Tıpta Uzmanlık) -- Kırıkkale Üniversitesi87160

Evaluation of Corpus Callosum by Means of Diffusion-Weighted and Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging According to the Age

Amaç: Difüzyon ağırlıklı görüntüleme, beyin dokusunun canlılığı hakkında fikir veren önemli bir yöntem olup kuvvetli manyetik alan gradientleri kullanılmaktadır. Buna bağlı olarak difüzyon ağırlıklı görüntüleme tekniği su moleküllerinin mikroskopik hareketlerindeki değişikliklerin saptanmasını mümkün kılmaktadır. Çalışmamızda, difüzyon ağırlıklı görüntüleme ile su moleküllerinin aksonlar boyunca olan hareketlerinden yararlanarak elde edilen Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) değişikliklerinin yaşa göre değişiminin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamıza dahil edilen 94 olgunun ADC haritaları üzerinden korpus kallosumun farklı bölgelerinden ADC değerleri değerlendirildi. Bulgular: ADC değerinin minimum ve maksimum değerleri 0.589-0.819 mm²/sn x 10-³, ortalama ADC değeri ise 0.735 ± 0.043 mm²/sn x 10-³ olarak bulunmuştur. Çalışmamızda yaş arttıkça, korpus kallosumun ortalama ADC değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak belirgin derecede artış bulunmuştur (p <0.01). Sonuç: İlerleyen yaşla beyaz cevherdeki suyun difüzyon kabiliyetindeki artış yönündeki teorimiz, verilerimizdeki istatistiksel olarak anlamlı sonuçlarla desteklenmiştir. Yani suyun korpus kallosumda difüzyon kabiliyetinin yaş ilerledikçe arttığı saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, fonksiyonel bir görüntüleme yöntemi olan difüzyon ağırlıklı görüntüleme, yaşlanmaya bağlı değişiklikleri sayısal olarak da ortaya koyabilen bir yöntemdir.Objective: Evaluation of corpus callosum by means of diffusionweighted and conventional magnetic resonance imaging according to the age Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a significant method that gives an idea as to the vitality of the brain tissue. DWI is affected from the movements of the patient at a minimum with its strong magnetic field gradients and is extraordinarily sensitive in reflection of the changes in the microscopic translational activities of the water molecules. Objective of our study is to evaluate by means of diffusionweighted imaging the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) changes by aging which are obtained using the activities of the water molecules throughout axons. Material and Methods: ADC measurement of corpus callosum at different parts has been studied in 94 patient Results: Minimum and maximum values of the ADC value were found as 0.589-0.819 mm²/sn x 10-³ while the average ADC value was found as 0.735 ± 0.043 mm²/sn x 10-³. Our study has revealed a distinctive statistical increase in the average ADC values of corpus callosum in line with aging (p <0.01). Conclusion: Our theory as to the increase in the diffusion capability of the water in the white substance along with aging has been substantiated with the statistically significant results in our data. In other words, it has been detected that diffusion capability of the water in corpus callosum increases along with aging. In conclusion, it is beyond doubt that the diffusion-weighted MRI which is a new functional imaging method in clinic application will be improved even better in the years to come and can be used in a more widespread manner

Panik ataklarını taklit eden epileptik nöbetleri olan bir hastada serebral kortikal migrasyon defektleri

Nöronal migrasyon anomalileri serebral neokorteks malformasyonlarına neden olabilir ve bu hastaların ilk başvuruları ve klinik gidişi değişkenlik gösterebilir. Bu yazıda, başlangıçta epizodik panik atakları olduğu düşünülen, ancak ileri incelemelerden sonra bunların serebral kortikal migrasyon anomalileri ile ilişkili epileptik nöbetler olduğu anlaşılan bir olgu sunulacaktır.Disorders of neuronal migration can lead to malformations of the cerebral neocortex and presentation and clinical course of patients these patients are variable. In this paper, we report a patient with episodic attacks initially thought to be panic attacks which on further investigation were identified to be seizure episodes to be associated with cerebral cortical migration abnormalities

The Sublethal Effects Of (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy) Acetic Acid (2,4-D) On Narrow-Clawed Crayfish (Astacus Leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823)

2,4-D is a widely used phenoxy herbicide, potentially toxic to humans and biota. The objective of the present study was to reveal short term sublethal effects of 2,4-D on narrow-clawed freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823), based on histology, total haemocyte counts, selected haemolymph parameters, and oxidative stress parameters. In the laboratory conditions crayfish specimens were exposed to 9 mg L-1 of 2,4-D for one week. Experiments were conducted under semi-static conditions in 20 L-capacity aquaria where 10 freshwater crayfish were stocked per aquarium. Exposure (experimental) and control groups were used and the experiments were repeated two times. No mortality and behavioural changes were recorded during the experiments. Total haemocyte counts decreased significantly, while haemolymph glucose levels increased (P<0.05), when compared to the control group. Haemolymph levels of calcium, chloride, sodium, potassium, magnesium, total protein, and lactate did not change. Exposure resulted with increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) only in hepatopancreas. However, results of gill FOX assay showed a significant decrease in oxidative stress parameters (P<0.05). MDA levels of gill and abdominal muscle tissues and FOX levels of hepatopancreas and abdominal muscle tissues did not change when compared to the control group. Significant histopathological alterations were observed both in hepatopancreas (multifocal deformations in tubule lumen) and gill tissue (melanisation of gill lamella). Exposure of crayfish even to a sublethal concentration of 2,4-D alters histopathology and lipid peroxidation due to stress. Biomarkers studied here seem to be useful for the assessment of adverse/toxic effects of pesticides on non-target, indicator aquatic organisms.WoSScopu

The Potential Use of Cold-Pressed Coconut Oil By-Product as an Alternative Source in the Production of Plant-Based Drink and Plant-Based Low-Fat Ice Cream: The Rheological, Thermal, and Sensory Properties of Plant-Based Ice Cream

This study aimed to investigate the potential use of cold-pressed coconut oil by-products (COB) as a low-cost alternative source for plant-based drink and ice cream production. Firstly, a plant-based drink was produced from cold-pressed coconut oil by-products (COB drink) and compared with a commercial coconut drink. The fat, protein, and zeta potential values of coconut drink obtained from COB were higher than those of the commercial samples. In addition, the particle size value of the drink obtained from COB was found to be lower than that of the commercial drink. In the second stage, full-fat and low-fat plant-based ice cream samples using COB drink were produced and compared to control ice cream samples (produced by the commercial coconut drink) in terms of rheological, sensorial, and thermal properties. Rheological analysis showed that all plant-based ice cream samples indicated pseudoplastic, solid-like, and recoverable characteristics. Low-fat commercial control ice cream samples (C1) indicated the lowest K value (9.05 Pasn), whereas the low-fat plant-based ice cream sample produced by the COB drink (COB-3) exhibited the highest K value (17.69 Pasn). &Delta;Hf values of the plant-based ice cream samples varied from 144.70 J/g to 172.70 J/g. The low-fat COB ice cream stabilized with 3% COB and full-fat COB ice cream samples showed lower &Delta;Hf values than control ice cream samples, indicating that the COB ice cream showed desired thermal properties. The COB drink may be utilized in plant-based ice cream without altering sensory qualities, and low-fat ice cream could be manufactured in the same manner to attain full-fat ice cream quality characteristics. The results of this study demonstrated that COB can be successfully used as an inexpensive raw material source in the production of full-fat and reduced-fat vegetable-based ice cream

A Rare Presentation of Autonomously Functioning Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Malignancy in Marine-Lenhart Syndrome Nodule

Objective. Marine-Lenhart Syndrome (MLS) is defined as concomitant occurrence of autonomously functioning thyroid nodule (AFTN) with Graves’ disease (GD). Malignancy in a functional nodule is rare. We aimed to present an extremely rare case of papillary thyroid cancer in a MLS nodule with lateral lymph node metastases. Case. A 43-year-old male presented with hyperthyroidism and Graves’ ophthalmopathy. On Tc99m pertechnetate scintigraphy, a hyperactive nodule in the left upper thyroid pole was detected and the remaining tissue showed a mildly increased uptake. The ultrasonography demonstrated 15.5 × 13.5 × 12 mm sized hypoechoic nodule in the left upper pole of the thyroid and round lymph nodes on the left side of the neck. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the nodule and lymph node revealed cytological findings consistent with papillary cancer. Total thyroidectomy with central and left modified radical neck dissection was performed. On pathologic examination, two foci of micropapillary cancer were detected. The skip metastases were present in three lymph nodes on the neck. Conclusion. AFTN can be seen rarely in association with GD. It is not possible to exclude malignancy due to the clinical and imaging findings. In the presence of suspicious clinical and sonographic features, FNAB should be performed