Robust thermal stability for batch process intensification with model predictive control

Thermal runaways in exothermic batch reactors present major safety and economic issues for industry. Control systems currently used are not capable of detecting thermal runaway behaviour and achieve nominally safe operation by carrying out the reaction at a low temperature. Recently, improvements in safety and process intensity have been achieved by using Model Predictive Control (MPC) with embedded stability criteria. The reliance of this approach on accurate model predictions makes plantmodel mismatch a crucial issue. The most common source of plant-model mismatch is uncertainty of model parameters. Scenario-based MPC and worst case MPC are used with stability criterion K and Lyapunov exponents in this work. The effect of all uncertain parameters on thermal runaway potential can be identified easily for simulations in this work. Hence, worst case MPC results in a computationally more efficient control scheme than scenario-based MPC, whilst ensuring the same extent of safety and process intensification

ГАММА-СПЕКТРОМЕТР ДЛЯ РАДИАЦИОННОГО МОНИТОРИНГА АКВАТОРИЙ И ДОННЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЙ

In order to solve the problem of continuous or periodic monitoring of water areas affected by radioactive contamination in the result of scheduled emissions in nuclear power plants or in the result of emergency situations in nuclear fuel cycle plants we need to develop measurement instruments with advanced mathematics and program support to assess the level of radioactive contamination with required accuracy. The aim of theoretical research was to optimize detection device construction, estimate spectrometer metrological parameters in given measurement geometries, and determine effective position of detection device in the process of in situ measurements. This device consists of spectrometric scintillation probe packed into sealed container (detection device) based on NaI(T1) crystal of Ø 63 × 63 mm or Ø 63 × 160 mm size, cable reel with deep-sea cable and a tablet PC for data processing and displaying. The container withstands static hydraulic pressure up to 5 MPa and can be used for measurements at depths of 500 m maximum. Probe measures energy distribution of gammaradiation with energy from 70 keV to 3000 keV. The implemented three-dimensional system for detection device position and orientation determination allows automatic operation of the device (without operator) for water areas or bottom sediment scanning. The spectrometer can output measurement results with threedimensional geographical coordinates as index maps of distribution with necessary resolution and accuracy. Monte Carlo models of spectrometer and controlled objects are developed in order to determine the detector response functions to given radionuclides in given measurement geometries without use of expensive standard measures of activity. Multifunction gamma-spectrometer for in situ radiation monitoring of water areas and bottom sediments was developed and constructed. In the result of theoretical researches the response functions have been calculated in the form of theoretical spectra of monitored radionuclides in definite measuring geometries. The results of mathematical modeling of the gamma-emitting transfer process allowed to estimate effective position of detection device for in situ measurements of specific activity radionuclides 134Cs and 137Cs in bottom sediments. Задачи постоянного или периодического мониторинга водоемов, подвергшихся радиоактивному загрязнению в результате штатных выбросов АЭС или в результате возникновения нештатных ситуаций на предприятиях топливного ядерного цикла, приводят к необходимости разработки соответствующих средств измерений с современным математическим и программным обеспечением, позволяющих оценить уровень радиоактивных загрязнений с заданной точностью. Цель теоретических исследований заключалась в оптимизации конструктива устройства детектирования, определении метрологических параметров спектрометра в заданных геометриях измерения, определении эффективного положения устройства детектирования спектрометра в процессе in situ измерений удельной активности радионуклидов 134Cs и 137Cs в донных отложениях с использованием разработанных Монте-Карло моделей: устройства детектирования, воды и донных отложений. Спектрометр представляет собой многофункциональный прибор, состоящий из размещаемого в герметичном контейнере спектрометрического сцинтилляционного блока детектирования с кристаллом NaI(T1) размерами Ø 63 × 63 мм или Ø 63 × 160 мм, вьюшки с глубоководным кабелем и планшетного компьютера для обработки и отображения информации. Контейнер устойчив к статическому гидравлическому давлению до 5 МПа, что позволяет проводить измерения на глубинах до 500 м. Устройство детектирования позволяет измерять энергетическое распределение импульсов гамма-излучения с энергией от 70 до 3000 кэВ. Реализованная система определения положения устройства детектирования в пространстве позволяет использовать спектрометр в автоматическом режиме (без участия оператора) для сканирования водной акватории и донных отложений. Результаты измерения заданной величины с трехмерными географическими координатами могут быть оперативно представлены в виде карт-схем распределения с необходимой дискретностью и точностью. Для определения функций отклика детектора к заданным радионуклидам в требуемых геометриях измерения без использования физических дорогостоящих стандартных мер активности разработаны Монте-Карло модели спектрометра и объектов контроля. Для радиационного контроля водной среды и донных отложений методом in situ разработан и изготовлен многофункциональный портативный гамма-спектрометр. В результате теоретических исследований были рассчитаны функции отклика спектрометра к контролируемым радионуклидам в заданных геометриях измерения. Результаты математического моделирования процесса переноса гамма-излучения позволили определить эффективную позицию устройства детектирования в процессе in situ измерений активности радионуклидов 134Cs и 137Cs в донных отложениях.

Гамма-спектрометр для радиационного мониторинга акваторий и донных отложений

In order to solve the problem of continuous or periodic monitoring of water areas affected by radioactive contamination in the result of scheduled emissions in nuclear power plants or in the result of emergency situations in nuclear fuel cycle plants we need to develop measurement instruments with advanced mathematics and program support to assess the level of radioactive contamination with required accuracy. The aim of theoretical research was to optimize detection device construction, estimate spectrometer metrological parameters in given measurement geometries, and determine effective position of detection device in the process of in situ measurements. This device consists of spectrometric scintillation probe packed into sealed container (detection device) based on NaI(T1) crystal of Ø 63 × 63 mm or Ø 63 × 160 mm size, cable reel with deep-sea cable and a tablet PC for data processing and displaying. The container withstands static hydraulic pressure up to 5 MPa and can be used for measurements at depths of 500 m maximum. Probe measures energy distribution of gamma-radiation with energy from 70 keV to 3000 keV. The implemented three-dimensional system for detection device position and orientation determination allows automatic operation of the device (without operator) for water areas or bottom sediment scanning. The spectrometer can output measurement results with three-dimensional geographical coordinates as index maps of distribution with necessary resolution and accuracy. Monte Carlo models of spectrometer and controlled objects are developed in order to determine the detector response functions to given radionuclides in given measurement geometries without use of expensive standard measures of activity. Multifunction gamma-spectrometer for in situ radiation monitoring of water areas and bottom sediments was developed and constructed. In the result of theoretical researches the response functions have been calculated in the form of theoretical spectra of monitored radionuclides in definite measuring geometries. The results of mathematical modeling of the gamma-emitting transfer process allowed to estimate effective position of detection device for in situ measurements of specific activity radionuclides 134Cs and 137Cs in bottom sediments

Гамма-спектрометр для радиационного мониторинга акваторий и донных отложений

In order to solve the problem of continuous or periodic monitoring of water areas affected by radioactive contamination in the result of scheduled emissions in nuclear power plants or in the result of emergency situations in nuclear fuel cycle plants we need to develop measurement instruments with advanced mathematics and program support to assess the level of radioactive contamination with required accuracy. The aim of theoretical research was to optimize detection device construction, estimate spectrometer metrological parameters in given measurement geometries, and determine effective position of detection device in the process of in situ measurements. This device consists of spectrometric scintillation probe packed into sealed container (detection device) based on NaI(T1) crystal of Ø 63 × 63 mm or Ø 63 × 160 mm size, cable reel with deep-sea cable and a tablet PC for data processing and displaying. The container withstands static hydraulic pressure up to 5 MPa and can be used for measurements at depths of 500 m maximum. Probe measures energy distribution of gamma-radiation with energy from 70 keV to 3000 keV. The implemented three-dimensional system for detection device position and orientation determination allows automatic operation of the device (without operator) for water areas or bottom sediment scanning. The spectrometer can output measurement results with three-dimensional geographical coordinates as index maps of distribution with necessary resolution and accuracy. Monte Carlo models of spectrometer and controlled objects are developed in order to determine the detector response functions to given radionuclides in given measurement geometries without use of expensive standard measures of activity. Multifunction gamma-spectrometer for in situ radiation monitoring of water areas and bottom sediments was developed and constructed. In the result of theoretical researches the response functions have been calculated in the form of theoretical spectra of monitored radionuclides in definite measuring geometries. The results of mathematical modeling of the gamma-emitting transfer process allowed to estimate effective position of detection device for in situ measurements of specific activity radionuclides 134Cs and 137Cs in bottom sediments