ARBUSCULAR AND ECTOMYCORRIZAL FUNGI IN EUCALYPT CULTIVATION AND GRASSLAND SANDY SOIL

O Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden forma associa\ue7\uf5es simbi\uf3ticas com fungos micorr\uedzicos arbusculares e ectomicorr\uedzicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a popula\ue7\ue3o (direta e indireta) e a diversidade desses microorganismos nessa esp\ue9cie florestal em \ue1reas sujeitas \ue0 areniza\ue7\ue3o em S\ue3o Francisco de Assis, RS. Amostras de solo e ra\uedzes de tr\ue9s \ue1rea - campo nativo, cultivo de eucalipto 3 anos e cultivo de eucalipto 8 anos - foram coletadas para identifica\ue7\ue3o de fungos micorr\uedzicos arbusculares. Corpos de frutifica\ue7\ue3o de ectomicorrizas foram coletados nas tr\ue9s \ue1reas. Os resultados mostram que a identifica\ue7\ue3o indireta (cultura armadilha) com Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf foi eficiente na recupera\ue7\ue3o do in\uf3culo de fungos micorr\uedzicos arbusculares no solo. Os g\ue9neros de FMAs presentes nas \ue1reas avaliadas foram Glomus, Gigaspora, Acaulospora e Scutellospora. As esp\ue9cies de fungos ectomicorr\uedzicos que mais se destacam foram Pisolithus sp. Alb. & Schewein; Scleroderma sp. (Persoon) Fries e Pisolithus microcarpus (Cooke & Massee) Cumm. O fungo ectomicorr\uedzico que apresentou a maior abund\ue2ncia relativa foi o Scleroderma sp. A \ue1rea de campo nativo apresentou maior popula\ue7\ue3o e diversidade de fungos micorrizicos arbusculares do que as \ue1reas de eucalipto.The Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden forms symbiotic association with arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi. The porpoise of this work was to evaluate the direct and the indirect population and the diversity of these organisms in this kind forest of in some sandy areas located in the S\ue3o Francisco de Assis - RS. Soil and roots samples were collected from native field and Eucaliptus cultivation to identify arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal fungi were also collected from these areas. The studied areas were characterized as native field and eucalyptus forest with three and eight years old. Results show that the indirect identification (trapping culture) with Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf is efficient in the recovery endomycorrhizal inoculum fungi from the soil. The Glomus, Gigaspora, Acaulospora and Scutellospora were the most important genus found. The Acaulospora scrobiculata and Scutellospora heterogama were the predominant species. The ectomycorrhizal fungi found were Pisolithus sp. Alb. & Schewein; Scleroderma sp. (Persoon) Fries and Pisolithus microcarpus (Cooke & Massee) Cumm. The relative abundance was predominant with Scleroderma sp. The native field showed higher arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi population and diversity in relation to other eucaliptus areas

Substract and phosphour influence in seedling production of Acacia mearnsii De Wild level

A inocula\ue7\ue3o de fungos micorr\uedzicos arbusculares (FMAs) \ue9 vi\ue1vel em mudas de esp\ue9cies florestais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o estabelecimento de duas esp\ue9cies de FMAs na produ\ue7\ue3o de mudas de Acacia mearnsii em diferentes substratos e doses de f\uf3sforo. O experimento constou de cinco tratamentos, sendo dois tratamentos de inocula\ue7\ue3o de esp\ue9cies de FMAs, ( Glomus clarum Nicolson & Schenck e Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerdemann) e tr\ueas tratamentos com diferentes substratos (mecplani, turfa f\ue9rtil e Neossolo Quartzar\ueanico); com cinco doses de f\uf3sforo (0, 50, 100, 500 e 1000 mg.kg-1), e dez repeti\ue7\uf5es. Alto n\uedvel de P no substrato n\ue3o impediu coloniza\ue7\ue3o micorr\uedzica das ra\uedzes. Os isolados G. clarum e G. etunicatum apresentaram alta efici\ueancia na coloniza\ue7\ue3o das ra\uedzes da A. mearnsii, e os substratos mecplani e turfa-f\ue9rtil foram os mais eficientes na produ\ue7\ue3o das mudas.The inoculation of mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi (FMAs) is viable in forest species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the establishment of two species of FMAs, in Ac\ue1cia mearnsii production, considering different substracts and phosphour levels. The experiment was carried out with five treatments, with two species of FMAs ( Glomus clarum Nicolson & Schenck and Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerdemann), and three kinds of substracts (Mecplani, Fertil Turfa and Neossolo Quartzar\ueanico) with four phosphour levels, with 10 repetitions. The high level of P in the substract did not influence the mycorrhizal colonization in the roots. These mycorrhizal fungi showed high efficiency in roots colonization of A. mearnsii. The Mecplani and Fertil Turfa substracts were the most efficient ones in seedling growing

Seedlings establishment of Eucalyptus grandis mycorrhizated with Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSC Pt 116) in sandy soil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sobreviv\ueancia e o crescimento inicial de mudas de eucalipto micorrizadas com o fungo ectomicorr\uedzico Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSC Pt 116), ap\uf3s o transplante para uma \ue1rea sujeita \ue0 areniza\ue7\ue3o no munic\uedpio de S\ue3o Francisco de Assis, RS. A \ue1rea foi dividida em quatro blocos, cada qual com quatro tratamentos (turfa f\ue9rtil com e sem fungo, Neossolo Quartzar\ueanico com e sem fungo). Cada parcela foi composta por 16 mudas dispostas em quatro linhas no espa\ue7amento de 1,5 m x 1,5 m, totalizando em cada bloco 64 mudas. Aos 90 dias ap\uf3s o plantio no campo, as mudas de eucalipto produzidas no substrato turfa f\ue9rtil com fungo, apresentaram uma taxa de sobreviv\ueancia de 100%, enquanto que as produzidas em turfa f\ue9rtil sem fungo, a taxa de sobreviv\ueancia foi de 92%. As mudas produzidas no Neossolo Quartzar\ueanico com e sem fungo tiveram uma taxa de sobreviv\ueancia variando em torno de 98 e 89% respectivamente. As mudas produzidas com turfa e fungo apresentaram diferen\ue7as significativas no crescimento em altura, e di\ue2metro do caule. Conclui-se que mudas de Eucalyptus grandis produzidas em substrato turfa f\ue9rtil e micorrizadas com o isolado Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSC Pt 116), conseguem manter bom estabelecimento e desenvolvimento no campo.The aim of this work was to evaluate the survival and the initial growth of mycorrhizated eucalypts with Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSC Pt 116) ectomycorrhizal fungus, after its transplant to area subject to the arenization process in S\ue3o Francisco de Assis, RS. The area was divided into four blocks, each one with four treatments (fertile turf with and without mycorrhizae, Quartzarenic Neosoil with and without mycorrhizae). Each parcel was composed of 16 seedlings arranged in four lines in the spacing of 1,5 m x 1,5 m, totalizing in each block 64 seedlings. 90 days after the planting in the field, the eucaliptus seedlings produced in turf with fungus in the fertile substratum presented a survival rate of 100 %, whereas for those produced in fertile turf without fingi, the survival rate was 92 %. The seedlings produced in the Quartzarenic Neosoil with and without mycorrhizae had a survival rate varying around 98 and 89 %, respectively. The produced seedlings with turf and fungus showed significant differences in height and stem diameter. This study showed that the Eucalyptus grandis seedlings produced in substratum fertile turf and inoculated with the Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSC Pt 116) isolated may maintain good development and establishment in the field

Comunity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in cultivated soil with eucalypt, pinus and native field, in sandy soil, S\ue3o Francisco de Assis, RS

O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a comunidade de esporos de fungos micorr\uedzicos arbusculares (FMAs) em cinco \ue1reas sujeitas ao processo de areniza\ue7\ue3o com cultivo de eucalipto ( Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden), pinus ( Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) e campo nativo, localizada no munic\uedpio de S\ue3o Francisco de Assis, RS. A an\ue1lise da comunidade de esporos de fungos micorr\uedzicos arbusculares foi mediante a identifica\ue7\ue3o direta, indireta e da determina\ue7\ue3o do \uedndice de diversidade. As \ue1reas analisadas foram de campo nativo, bosque de eucalipto de 2 e 6 anos e de bosque de p\uednus de 2 e 12 anos de idade. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os g\ueaneros mais encontrados foram Acaulospora , Scutellospora e Glomus . A maior diversidade de esp\ue9cies foi encontrada na \ue1rea de campo nativo, seguido pela \ue1rea de eucalipto com 2 anos de idade. A an\ue1lise de agrupamento mostrou uma semelhan\ue7a de, no m\uednimo, 70% para as esp\ue9cies de FMAs identificados via esporos e 50% para as \ue1rea estudadas.The aim of this work was to evaluate the community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores in five areas cultivated with eucalipt ( Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden), pinus ( Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and native field, in arenization process, located in S\ue3o Francisco de Assis-RS. The study of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spore community was carried out by direct and indirect identification and the diversity index determination. The analyzed areas were native field, 2 and 6 years-old eucalypt field and 2 and 12 years-old pinus field. The obtained results showed that the most frequent genera were Acaulospora , Scutellospora and Glomus . The highest diversity of species was found in area of native field, followed by 2 years-old Eucalyptus area. The Cluster analyses showed a similarity of the minimum 70 % to the species of FMAs identified through spores and 50 % to the areas being studied

Copper Accumulation and Availability in Sandy, Acid, Vineyard Soils

The use of copper (Cu)-based fungicides to control diseases in vineyards can cause excessive Cu accumulation in soils. Greater Cu availability is expected in acid sandy soils with low organic matter (OM), where the risk of toxicity to plants and environment contamination is high. This study aimed to study the evolution of Cu in acid, sandy soils planted with grapevines for a period of time between 2 and 32 years. Two studies were carried out in South Brazil: in the first study, soil samples, from 19 vineyards were collected and analyzed in the first 0.2 m depth-layer for the total and available Cu. In the second study, 3 soils were selected among the previous 19 according to the age of vineyard (5, 11, and 30 year-old), and their 0.60 m-depth profile was analyzed for 5 fractions of Cu (soluble, exchangeable, mineral, organic, and residual). All the soils were classified as Ultisols. The vineyards with more than 25 years under cultivation had a mean total Cu concentration of 90 mg kg 121 in the 0\u20130.10 m layer. Approximately 80% of it was potentially available to plants. The greatest total and available Cu were found in the soil surface layers (0.2 m depth), where up to 75% of the total Cu is adsorbed in clay minerals and only 20% is complexed in the OM

Reduced Cancer Incidence in Huntington's Disease: Analysis in the Registry Study

Background: People with Huntington's disease (HD) have been observed to have lower rates of cancers. Objective: To investigate the relationship between age of onset of HD, CAG repeat length, and cancer diagnosis. Methods: Data were obtained from the European Huntington's disease network REGISTRY study for 6540 subjects. Population cancer incidence was ascertained from the GLOBOCAN database to obtain standardised incidence ratios of cancers in the REGISTRY subjects. Results: 173/6528 HD REGISTRY subjects had had a cancer diagnosis. The age-standardised incidence rate of all cancers in the REGISTRY HD population was 0.26 (CI 0.22-0.30). Individual cancers showed a lower age-standardised incidence rate compared with the control population with prostate and colorectal cancers showing the lowest rates. There was no effect of CAG length on the likelihood of cancer, but a cancer diagnosis within the last year was associated with a greatly increased rate of HD onset (Hazard Ratio 18.94, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Cancer is less common than expected in the HD population, confirming previous reports. However, this does not appear to be related to CAG length in HTT. A recent diagnosis of cancer increases the risk of HD onset at any age, likely due to increased investigation following a cancer diagnosis