GROUNDWATER CHARACTERISTICS IN JAKARTA AREA, INDONESIA

ABSTRACT In the Jakarta area (Indonesia), excessive groundwater pumping due to the rapidly increasing population has caused groundwater-related problems such as brackish water contamination in coastal areas and land subsidence. In this study, we adopted multiple hydrogeochemical techniques to understand groundwater characteristic in the Jakarta area. Although almost all groundwater existing in the Jakarta basin is recharged at similar elevations, the water quality and apparent residence time demonstrates a clear difference between the shallow and deep aquifers. Due to the rapid decrease in the groundwater potential in urban areas, we found that the seawater intrusion in shallow aquifer and the shallow and deep groundwaters are mixing, a conclusion confirmed by major ions, Br−:Cl− ratios and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-12 analysis

Groundwater flow system under a rapidly urbanizing coastal city as determined by hydrogeochemistry

In the Jakarta area (Indonesia), excessive groundwater pumping due to the rapidly increasing population has caused groundwater-related problems such as brackish water contamination in coastal areas and land subsidence. In this study, we adopted multiple hydrogeochemical techniques to demonstrate the groundwater flow system in the Jakarta area. Although almost all groundwater existing in the Jakarta basin is recharged at similar elevations, the water quality and residence time demonstrates a clear difference between the shallow and deep aquifers. Due to the rapid decrease in the groundwater potential in urban areas, we found that the seawater intrusion and the shallow and deep groundwaters are mixing, a conclusion confirmed by major ions, Br−:Cl− ratios, and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-12 analysis. Spring water and groundwater samples collected from the southern mountainside area show younger age characteristics with high concentrations of 14C and Ca–HCO3 type water chemistry. We estimated the residence times of these groundwaters within 45 years under piston flow conditions by tritium analysis. Also, these groundwater ages can be limited to 20–30 years with piston flow evaluated by CFCs. Moreover, due to the magnitude of the CFC-12 concentration, we can use a pseudo age indicator in this field study, because we found a positive correlation between the major type of water chemistry and the CFC-12 concentration

Describing coseismic groundwater level rise using tank model in volcanic aquifers, Kumamoto, southern Japan

The change of groundwater levels after the 2016 Mw 7.0 Kumamoto crustal earthquake was evaluated using a simple conceptual hydrological model in an attempt to show the presence, intensity, and probable mechanism of water level rise observed in Kumamoto where a comprehensive observation-well network exists. A tank model was applied to verify 16 wells in the study field. In the model groundwater levels were first calibrated for the periods in ca. 2 years before the main shock using several hydrological parameters including precipitation, evapotranspiration, water recharge and discharge, and artificial recharge by irrigation. Water levels were then simulated by extrapolating this law of water fluctuating patterns for ca. 2.5 years after the main shock of the earthquake, without considering hydrogeological changes due to the earthquake. A difference in groundwater levels between observation and simulation results yields a degree of coseismic water level rises for each well. The coseismic abnormal water level increase was calculated to be ~11 m in 4?5 month after the main shock and was most significantly on the western slope of the Aso caldera rim mountains. The spatial distribution of the coseismic water increases clarified that the most dominate increasing anomalies prevail at mountain feet surrounding the plains, suggesting the occurrence of coseismic mountain water release resulting in the rise of water levels in downslope aquifers. Identified coseismic water level increases still continue up to 2.5 years after the earthquake, probably because changes in hydrogeological properties in mountain aquifers, i.e., permeability, are still sustained. Our forecasting water recovering trends require ca. 3.5?5 year after the earthquake for complete recovery to the original conditions. We demonstrated that our approaches are capable of describing coseismic water level changes and could potentially be applied to other fields

Analysis of earthquake-induced groundwater level change using self-organizing maps

For a better understanding of possible physical links between geophysical observables and earthquake characteristics, it is important to analyze statistical spatiotemporal patterns in nature related to such events. For this purpose,characteristic changes in groundwater level (GWL) were observed before and after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake in Japan. Previous research has shown that self-organizing maps (SOM) can be used to classify complex patterns of GWL-change during different parts of the earthquake sequence. In this study, we used before and after earthquake GWL data as input vectors to SOM. In total, 64 observed GWLs were classified into 12 different clusters. Most shallow wells displayed GWL difference that was small during the foreshock (first earthquake) and large during the main-shock (second earthquake). Upstream deep wells showed relatively large difference in water level from 1 to 2 days after the earthquakes. The GWL rapidly increased just after the earthquake, then tended to gradually decrease from September. Most of the shallow wells in the unconfined aquifer rapidly recovered to initial GWLs within several hours to several days, because of hydrostatic pressure. However, most of the deep wells in the confined aquifer needed longer time to recover, in some cases several weeks to several months. These findings are important for the physical understanding of earthquake effects on the groundwater environment, disaster prevention, and possibility for development of earthquake precursors

Describing coseismic groundwater level rise using tank model in volcanic aquifers, Kumamoto, southern Japan

The change of groundwater levels after the 2016 Mw 7.0 Kumamoto crustal earthquake was evaluated using a simple conceptual hydrological model in an attempt to show the presence, intensity, and probable mechanism of water level rise observed in Kumamoto where a comprehensive observation-well network exists. A tank model was applied to verify 16 wells in the study field. In the model groundwater levels were first calibrated for the periods in ca. 2 years before the main shock using several hydrological parameters including precipitation, evapotranspiration, water recharge and discharge, and artificial recharge by irrigation. Water levels were then simulated by extrapolating this law of water fluctuating patterns for ca. 2.5 years after the main shock of the earthquake, without considering hydrogeological changes due to the earthquake. A difference in groundwater levels between observation and simulation results yields a degree of coseismic water level rises for each well. The coseismic abnormal water level increase was calculated to be ~11 m in 4–5 month after the main shock and was most significantly on the western slope of the Aso caldera rim mountains. The spatial distribution of the coseismic water increases clarified that the most dominate increasing anomalies prevail at mountain feet surrounding the plains, suggesting the occurrence of coseismic mountain water release resulting in the rise of water levels in downslope aquifers. Identified coseismic water level increases still continue up to 2.5 years after the earthquake, probably because changes in hydrogeological properties in mountain aquifers, i.e., permeability, are still sustained. Our forecasting water recovering trends require ca. 3.5–5 year after the earthquake for complete recovery to the original conditions. We demonstrated that our approaches are capable of describing coseismic water level changes and could potentially be applied to other fields