Structural Analysis of the Formal and Informal Jobs in the Brazilian Economy

The reorganization of the Brazilian economy, in the globalization process, has brought out changes in its productive structure, and, consequently, changes in the job market. These changes had impact on the employment at the sectoral level, with great concerns related to the labor relations and to the growing unemployment rates. In the 1990s, the change in the focus of the development strategy, from a closed protected economy to an open economy with monetary control, has originated deep changes in the labor market. The number of employed persons in the primary and secondary sector was reduced, while in the tertiary sector there was an increase in the number of jobs, but not enough to absorb all the employees released from the previous two sectors. Besides the reduction in the capability of the economy to create new jobs, the last decade of the previous century has also showed an increase in the number of informal jobs. The share of informal jobs in the Brazilian economy was around 52% in 2003. In this way, the question of employment generated by the economic sectors, in number and quality, has become a crucial issue. The goal of this work is to study the characteristics and the evolution of the occupied persons, and to relate it with the formal and informal job market, as well as the economy productive structure, using for that input-output matrices constructed for the Brazilian economy. The main results show that there was a reduction in the capacity of the economy to generate employment for every million of Reais produced in a given sector. The data also shows that despite the ratio of informal workers in the economy being superior to the workers in the formality, the formal sector was responsible for about 60% of the jobs generated in the period of analysis.

The Importance of the Oil and Gas Complex for the Brazilian Economy and Its States

This paper presents the results of a research conducted to measure the importance of the oil and gas complex in the Brazilian economy and in its states. Initially, the efforts were concentrated in the construction of an interregional input-output system for the 27 states of the Brazilian economy at the level of 42 industries, for the year of 2002. Using this system it was possible to make an analysis of role played by the oil and gas complex in the Brazilian economy and its states. First it is made an analysis of the economic flows linked with the oil and gas production, and then it is made an estimation of the GDP value generated by the oil and gas complex in the Brazilian economy and its states. It is also made an analysis in detail of the productive chain of the oil and gas, starting from the suppliers of inputs to the oil and gas production, going through the production itself and the various stages of refining and processing, and ending at the measuring of the services and distribution activities. The results show that the oil and gas complex has a share of around 10.4% of the Brazilian GDP, while the share in the GRP of the states can go from less than 1% to 27%.

Productive Structure and Income Distribution: the Brazilian Case.

This study deals with the impacts of structural changes on income distribution in Brazil in the period 1992-2002. A Pure Leontief Model and a Leontief-Miazawa Model were utilized to portray the structure of the economy in both years, and to perform counterfactual simulations on some important changes occurring during the period. The methodology allowed for the identification of the high and low inequality sectors in both years, and to their contribution to the increasing inequality during the period. It is interesting to notice that some sectors with low internal inequality ended-up provoking increased global inequality through their interaction pattern with other sectors in the economy,and through the consumption structure. The results also indicate that the change in sectoral shares in the period contributed to diminishing inequality. Therefore, the causes for increasing inequality remains within the distribution of wages within the sectors.

The Importance of the Oil and Gas Complex for the Brazilian Economy and Its States

This paper presents the results of a research conducted to measure the importance of the oil and gas complex in the Brazilian economy and in its states. Initially, the efforts were concentrated in the construction of an interregional input-output system for the 27 states of the Brazilian economy at the level of 42 industries, for the year of 2002. Using this system it was possible to make an analysis of role played by the oil and gas complex in the Brazilian economy and its states. First it is made an analysis of the economic flows linked with the oil and gas production, and then it is made an estimation of the GDP value generated by the oil and gas complex in the Brazilian economy and its states. It is also made an analysis in detail of the productive chain of the oil and gas, starting from the suppliers of inputs to the oil and gas production, going through the production itself and the various stages of refining and processing, and ending at the measuring of the services and distribution activities. The results show that the oil and gas complex has a share of around 10.4% of the Brazilian GDP, while the share in the GRP of the states can go from less than 1% to 27%

Estrutura produtiva e indústria alimentar no Paraná, de 1980 a 1995

The article had as objective to evaluate the evolution of the productive structure and identify the key sectors of Parana in the years of 1980, 1985, 1990 and 1995, highlighting the food processing sectors, using estimated input-output matrices. The results showed that the sectors of the transformation industry linked to the food processing sectors lost relative importance in the Parana economy, as much for the linkages with to the other sectors, as for the generation of production value and added value. This loss was more stressed in the more traditional food processing sectors, as Coffee Industry and Vegetal Products, instead of in most modern, as Meat Products, Dairy Products, Sugar Products and Vegetal Oil. Moreover, the production and the income had answered little to the impacts in the final demand in the food processing sectors throughout the analyzed period. Another trend that could be delineated was the change in the productive structure of the State, that became more diversified and complex, in direction of some sectors of the branch services and others emergent ones of the transformation industry, as metallurgy, mechanics and transport equipment.Input-output, Productive structure, Key-sectors, Food processing sectors, Agribusiness,

Productive Structure and Income Distribution: the Brazilian Case.

This study deals with the impacts of structural changes on income distribution in Brazil in the period 1992-2002. A Pure Leontief Model and a Leontief-Miazawa Model were utilized to portray the structure of the economy in both years, and to perform counterfactual simulations on some important changes occurring during the period. The methodology allowed for the identification of the high and low inequality sectors in both years, and to their contribution to the increasing inequality during the period. It is interesting to notice that some sectors with low internal inequality ended-up provoking increased global inequality through their interaction pattern with other sectors in the economy,and through the consumption structure. The results also indicate that the change in sectoral shares in the period contributed to diminishing inequality. Therefore, the causes for increasing inequality remains within the distribution of wages within the sectors

Socioeconomic impacts of the national school feeding program on family farming in Santa Catarina

O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE), responsável por atender todas as escolas públicas brasileiras, passou, em 2009, a contar com a obrigatoriedade de empregar ao menos 30% do recurso federal em compras diretas de agricultores familiares. A obrigatoriedade tem como objetivo proporcionar melhor alimentação e concomitante desenvolvimento rural a partir do fortalecimento da agricultura familiar. Tais propostas estão sendo concretizadas, mas ainda estão distantes de seu potencial. Neste sentido, o presente artigo, tendo o estado de Santa Catarina como objeto de estudo, trata de identificar fragilidades e propor adequações no PNAE levando-se em conta os aspectos da operacionalização e dos efeitos socioeconômicos da política pública. Os métodos utilizados foram um levantamento qualitativo feito a partir de 98 entrevistas em 31 municípios de Santa Catarina e uma análise quantitativa, tendo como instrumento para avaliação de impacto a matriz insumo-produto. As entrevistas contemplaram agricultores familiares, responsáveis pela execução do PNAE e técnicos que apoiam a agricultura familiar. Já o modelo de insumo-produto permitiu avaliar os efeitos socioeconômicos da implementação da política. Os resultados apresentam evidências de que políticas de comercialização, como o PNAE, são uma forma de promoção do desenvolvimento rural, desde que constantemente reestruturadas para contemplar a heterogeneidade e a pulverização da agricultura familiar no território572215233The Brazilian School Feeding Program, responsible to provide all Brazilian public schools, started to have the obligation by law to designate at least 30% of the federal resource with family farmer products in 2009. The objectives of the law are generating higher quality of school feeding and strengthening family farmers. These objectives are being achieved, but are still far from its potential. In this context, the paper intends to identify weaknesses and propose adequacies in the PNAE taking into account the aspects of the operationalization and socioeconomic effects of public policy. The paper object is the state of Santa Catarina. The analysis is divided in two parts. The first one is an evaluation of the operationalization and the effects of the policy in 31 municipalities through interviews with farmers, responsible for implementing the PNAE and rural extension agents involved with the PNAE. The second one is a socio-economic analysis from an inter-regional input-output model about the effect of the school food shopping. The results show good evidence that market policies, such as PNAE, are a way of promoting rural development since they are constantly restructured to contemplate size, heterogeneity and scattering distribution of family farmin

A Model for Economic Planning and Analysis for the Brazilian Economy (input-Output, Multisectoral Models)

279 p.Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1986.In this work a general purpose multisectoral economy-wide model, solved for growth rates, is constructed for the Brazilian economy.In constructing the Brazilian model, the ORANI nodel for the Australian Economy was chosen as the starting point and was modified in a way that it can reflect and can be used to study the Brazilian reality. The main differences between both models are that in the Brazilian model: (a) A special treatment is giving to the government sector; (b) The demand for household consumption is broken down by different income groups, and an equation linking the workers income with their expenditure is introduced; allowing in this way for the study of income distribution problems; (c) An industry by industry framework is used, opposing to an industry by commodity framework used in the ORANI model; (d) Prices are assumed to be formed through a mark-up price theory, while the ORANI model assumes that prices are formed by maximizing profits.The Brazilian model is constructed for: (a) 21 industries; (b) 3 types of primary factors (3 categories of labor, fixed capital, and agricultural land); (c) one type of other costs; (d) 2 sources of products (domestic and imported); (e) 6 types of product use (inputs to current production, inputs to capital formation, commodity flows to household consumption, exports, government demands, and other demands); and (f) 3 income groups. The model also presents a detailed specification for trade margins and taxes.The basic input-output data used in the model refers to the 1975 input-output matrices for the Brazilian economy.U of I OnlyRestricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETD

Estrutura produtiva e indústria alimentar no Paraná, de 1980 a 1995

The article had as objective to evaluate the evolution of the productive structure and identify the key sectors of Parana in the years of 1980, 1985, 1990 and 1995, highlighting the food processing sectors, using estimated input-output matrices. The results showed that the sectors of the transformation industry linked to the food processing sectors lost relative importance in the Parana economy, as much for the linkages with to the other sectors, as for the generation of production value and added value. This loss was more stressed in the more traditional food processing sectors, as Coffee Industry and Vegetal Products, instead of in most modern, as Meat Products, Dairy Products, Sugar Products and Vegetal Oil. Moreover, the production and the income had answered little to the impacts in the final demand in the food processing sectors throughout the analyzed period. Another trend that could be delineated was the change in the productive structure of the State, that became more diversified and complex, in direction of some sectors of the branch services and others emergent ones of the transformation industry, as metallurgy, mechanics and transport equipment