Who invented vaccination?

Edward Jenner, whose ‘Inquiry’ (1798)1 was the first published report of vaccination against smallpox, is widely seen as the inventor of vaccination. However, other individuals could lay claim to this title, notably his contemporaries, Benjamin Jesty and John Fewster. Jesty, a Dorset farmer, performed vaccinations in 1774, 22 years before Jenner’s first vaccination in 1796. Fewster, an apothecary-surgeon who knew Jenner personally, is also reported to have performed the procedure several years before Jenner. However, neither Jesty nor Fewster published or publicised their work and both were recognised retrospectively, notably by critics of Jenner. This article compares the contributions of these three putative ‘inventors’ of vaccination.peer-reviewe

Analisis Kebijakan Pemerintah Terkait Ancaman Penggangguran Pasca Kenaikan Inflasi di Kota Bogor

Inflation and unemployment are the two main problems in the economy, when inflation increases, the prices of goods and wages do not move at the same pace. high inflation and unemployment have a negative impact on the economy and stability of the country. He also stated that if inflation is high, unemployment will be low. This study uses a sample of inflation and unemployment rates in Bogor City in 2019-2021 based on the Central Statistics Agency. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis. The results of this study are the influence of low unemployment has a positive impact on the economy and workers, unemployment that is too low can push inflation up. But if the government takes steps to curb inflation, it could reduce unemployment and trigger a recession.  

PERAN GURU PENDIDIKAN AGAMA KRISTEN DALAM MENINGKATKAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK

Guru merupakan kompenen dan peranan penting dalam pendidikan pada saat proses pembelajaran berlangsung. Hubungan timbal balik oleh guru dan siswa saat proses pembelajaran terjadi karena adanya suatu tindakan yang telah dilakukan oleh guru dan siswa. peningkatan kualitas guru dalam proses pembelajaran dalat sebagai salah satu upaya peningkatan mutu pendidikan. Guru merupakan sosok yang menjadi teladan, baik dari segi pengetahuan maupun kepribadian bagi peserta didiknya. Istilah Jawa memaparkan bahwa guru merupakan orang yang dapat diteladani dan dapat ditiru. Maka dari itu, guru tidak hanya dituntut untuk menguasai ilmu yang akan diajarkan, memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan mengajar, tetapi guru juga dituntut untuk memiliki akhlak, karakter dan kepribadian yang sesuai dalam ajaran islam bagi peserta didik.dan meningkatkan motivasi belajar peserta didik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif berdasarkan pada teori-teori. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif analisis yang sebelumnya dibaca terlebih dahulu. Sumber data dikumpulkan melalui teknik studi literatur berbagai sumber, diantaranya buku, jurnal, artikel, dan skripsi yang sejalan dan berkaitan dengan judul yang dipilih oleh peneliti. Dalam tahapannya penelitian ini menggunakan teknis analisis dengan membaca data yang kemudian dibahas dan kemudian disimpulkan

Case report: Treatment of constrictive epicarditis using the waffle procedure in a dog that had previously undergone a subtotal pericardiectomy

A 10 year-old female spayed German Short-haired Pointer dog weighing 26.8 kg (59 lb) presented with a 2 week history of recurrent ascites. The dog had a 4 year history of idiopathic pericardial effusion causing sporadic episodes of cardiac tamponade and secondary ascites. A subtotal pericardiectomy was performed 3 months prior to presentation. The patient had done well for 2 months following this procedure, at which point the large-volume modified transudate ascites recurred, necessitating abdominocentesis every 10 days. Thoracic and abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed no abdominal or vascular cause of ascites. Transthoracic echocardiography performed under general anesthesia showed constrictive epicarditis (visceral pericarditis) resulting in diastolic dysfunction and right-sided congestive heart failure. A sternotomy was performed for a pericardial waffle procedure or crosshatch pericardiotomy—scoring of crosshatched incisions into the thickened epicardium. Echocardiographic findings postoperatively were consistent with resolved constrictive epicarditis. At 8 months postoperatively, the dog was clinically normal and had only required one abdominocentesis one month after the waffle procedure. This case report describes the successful treatment of a dog with constrictive epicarditis using a novel surgical technique (waffle procedure) that has not yet been described in veterinary medicine

Device Thrombogenicity Emulation: A Novel Method for Optimizing Mechanical Circulatory Support Device Thromboresistance

Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices provide both short and long term hemodynamic support for advanced heart failure patients. Unfortunately these devices remain plagued by thromboembolic complications associated with chronic platelet activation – mandating complex, lifelong anticoagulation therapy. To address the unmet need for enhancing the thromboresistance of these devices to extend their long term use, we developed a universal predictive methodology entitled Device Thrombogenicity Emulation (DTE) that facilitates optimizing the thrombogenic performance of any MCS device – ideally to a level that may obviate the need for mandatory anticoagulation