Expression of NaV-1.7, TNF-a and HSP-70 in experimental flare-up post-extirpated dental pulp tissue through a neuroimmunological approach

Abstract Background: Dental caries continue to represent a major problem which, if left untreated, will cause irreversible pulpitis. Root canal treatment constitutes one potential treatment intended to preserve teeth afflicted with irreversible pulpitis. During root canal treatment, pain or swelling, referred to as flare-ups, can occur at any point in the process. Aim: To analyze the molecular aspect of the phenomenon of flare-up in vital dental pulp tissue following mechanical and bacterial trauma (extirpation and lipopolysaccharide [LPS] induction respectively) through a neurological approach, based on the expression of NaV-1.7 in neuron cells, and HSP-70, TNF-a in macrophage cells. Method: This laboratory experimental study was conducted using 15 Spraque Dawley rats as subjects which were divided into three groups of five subjects: a control group, a pulp tissue extirpation group and an LPS induction followed by extirpation of pulp tissue group. Test samples were collected from the apical field of the mandibular incisor and subsequently examined using immunohistochemical methods. Results: There were significant differences in NaV1.7, HSP70 and TNFa expression between the treatment groups. While a marked increase in the expression of HSP70 occurred, both Nav1.7, and TNFa expression decreased significantly. Conclusion: Extirpating the dental pulp tissue will induce a more pronounced flare-up response from the molecules of the pulp tissue in vital teeth than those in inflamed vital pulp tissue

PERUBAHAN KONSENTRASI IL-1 DAN GUSTDUCIN TERHADAP RASA PENGECAP PAHIT PADA DEMAM

Perubahan homeostasis dalam tubuh dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada penderita berupa berbagai macam gejala klinis, salah satunya demam oleh karena inflamasi, yang disebabkan infeksi akibat paparan kuman. Salah satu gejala klinis yang didapatkan pada penderita ini adalah penurunan nafsu makan akibat rasa pahit dalam rongga mulut. Rasa pahit dipersepsikan sebagai rasa yang tidak enak, berimplikasi pada penurunan nafsu makan. Keadaan ini bila berlanjut akan menyebabkan penurunan kondisi tubuh yang mengakibatkan proses penyembuhan terhambat sehingga akan berakibat penurunan produktivitas kerja. Sebagai daerah tropis, di Indonesia didapatkan banyak penderita infeksi tropik antara lain demam tifoid. Gejala klinis akibat penyakit ini bermacam-macam, salah satu adanya Thypoid Tongue pada Iidah yang berupa selaput putih. Pada penderita ini sering kali terjadi penurunan nafsu makan sehingga menyebabkan penurunan daya tahan tubuh. Apabila jaringan terinfeksi maka tubuh akan membentuk sel imunokompeten yang merangsang antara lain pengeluaran sitokin IL-1. Selain itu pada inflamasi akibat invasi kuman akan dibentuk PGE2. PGE2 ini mengaktifkan reseptor EP3 yang responsif terhadap panas untuk berikatan dengan Gprotein, khusus pada taste buds Gprotein sub unit a ini disebut gustducin. agustducin akan mengaktifkan adenilat siklase untuk membentuk cAMP yang berakibat meningkatnya fosfokinase A (PKA), peningkatan ini diikuti blokade pada saluran ion K+ sehingga terjadi depolarisasi. Depolarisasi ini dari vesikel bersama-sama dengan neurotransmiter lain pada presinap. Transduksi dari Gprotein juga mengakibatkan gustducin, sebagai subunit a dari Gprotein, dilepaskan dari Gprotein untuk mengaktifkan PLC pada permukaan dalam membran, pengaktifan PLC ini akan menyebabkan PIP2 untuk membentuk menjadi inositol trifosfat (IP3) dan diagliserol (DAG). IP3 kemudian berdifusi ke endoplasmik retikulum untuk merangsang keluarnya Ca2+ dari endoplasmik retikulum dan mitokhondria dikeluarkan ke sitosol. Tujuan dan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perubahan konsentrasi IL-1 dan perubahan konsentrasi gustducin akibat inflamasi disertai demam. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara eksperimental mumi dengan menggunakan rancangan post test only control design pada hewan coba Rattus Novergicus strain Wistar jantan, usia 12 minggu, berat badan 150-200gr. Binatang coba dibagi dalam 2 kelompok, kelompok pertama sebagai kontrol dan kelompok kedua mendapatkan perlakuan dengan diberi invasi kuman Salmonella typhimurium sebanyak 0,5 ml/kgBB Dan kedua kelompok binatang coba ini diambil sampel darah untuk menghitung konsentrasi IL-1 dengan memakai Elisa. Dan potongan Iidah dihitung gustducin yang diekspresikan oleh TRCs melalui pengecatan imunohistokimia. Data dianalisis dengan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov untuk mengetahui normalitas dan ternyata data berdistribusi normal, kemudian dilakukan uji t. Dan hasil penelitian terbukti bahwa tidak ada perubahanan konsentrasi IL-1 pada dua kelompok, tetapi ada perbedaan yang sangat bermakna pada ekspresi gustducin pada lidah antara kelompok perlakuan (demam) dibandingkan dan kelompok kontrol (p<0.05)

Penurunan sensitivitas rasa manis akibat pemakaian pasta gigi yang mengandung Sodium Lauryl Sulphate 5%

Background: Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) is an anionic surfactant, a sudser that is added to toothpaste to create the froth that toothpaste becomes after you begin brushing by lowering the surface tension of the saliva in your mouth and allowing bubbles to form. The presence of this item sometimes make food taste worst after using the toothpaste. Sodium Lauryl Sulphate denaturates polypeptides of protein molecules of taste buds and saliva causing the different of taste sensation. Purpose: To prove the hypothesis that by using toothpaste containing Sodium Lauryl Sulphate 5% will decrease the sweet taste sensitivity. Methods: Subject will be tested their sweet taste thresholds by dropping sucrose at the anterior of the tongue from 0,01M until subject sense the sweet sensation. Then, subject is asked to brush their teeth using the toothpaste containing SLS or non SLS. After brushing, subject will be tested same as before brushing teeth to see any difference changes of taste thresholds. The result then being analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test to show any significant results. Result: The SLS group shows a significant differences with p = 0,011 (p 0,05). Conclusion: Sodium Lauryl Sulphate decreased the sweet taste sensitivit

Changes in taste sensation of sour, salty, sweet, bitter, umami, and spicy, as well as levels of malondialdehyde serum in radiographers

Background: Radiation used for any purpose certainly contains potential danger to humans. Radiographers are given a task, authority, and responsibility by the competent authority to conduct radiography and imaging in health services unit. Some researches on the effects of radiation on cancer patients show that radiation can cause an increase in bitterness and metal taste [in cancer patients] leading to discomfort in the oral cavity. In body, free radicals then can cause lipid peroxidation process. Lipid peroxidation is an oxidative destruction of polyunsaturated fatty acid producing malondialdehyde (MDA). Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effects of radiation on changes in the taste sensation of sour, salty, sweet, bitter, umami, and spicy as well as the levels of MDA serum in radiographers. Method: This study was an observational laboratory research using post- test control design. Samples were selected using simple random sampling technique. The samples were seven radiographers who have been working for five years in the laboratory and radiographic units in Surabaya. Result: Based on the results of statistical tests, it showed that there were no differences in the sensitivity of all tastes between the groups tested. Moreover, the results also depicted considerable value for the sour taste was 0.550, the saltiness was 0.775, the sweetness was 0.294, the bitter taste was 0.065, the umami taste was 0.705, and the spicy taste was 0.319 (p>0.05). However, the dramatic increase was higlighted in levels of MDA serum with a significant value of 0.065 (p>0.005). Conclusion. There were no changes in the sensitivity of sour, salty, sweet, bitter, umami, and spicy tastes, but there was a significant increased in level of MDA serum in the radiographers compared to the control group

Sweet Taste Sensitivity and Its association with Serum Zinc Levels in Women with Premenstrual Syndrome

Approximately 75-80% of women at reproductive age had Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). The PMS symptom is the desire to eat sweet foods. Zinc deficiency is often found in women with PMS. Theoretically, there is an imbalance of estrogen and progesterone hormone at PMS lead to unsensitivity sweet taste as a result of decreased zinc intake This study want to know the correlations between serum zinc levels and sweet taste sensitivity in PMS women. This study was an experimental study, the sample used simple random sampling consisted 7 peoples who were selected based on criteria. The sample devided into two groups: one group of women with PMS and one group women with no experience of PMS. Research was done in luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. There was no differences of serum zinc levels between the groups p=0.362 (p> 0.05); there was no differences in the sensitivity of sweet taste between the groups p=0,079 (p> 0.05); there was no correlations between sweet taste sensitivity and serum zinc levels p=0,340 (p> 0.05). There were no differences and correlation between sweet taste sensitivity and serum zinc levels in PMS

Difference of brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and pyramid cell count during mastication of food with varying hardness

Previous studies suggested that mastication activity can affect learning and memory function. However, most were focused on mastication impaired models by providing long-term soft diet. The effects of chewing food with various hardness, especially during the growth period, remain unknown. Objective: To analyze the difference of hippocampus function and morphology, as characterized by pyramidal cell count and BDNF expression in different mastication activities. Materials and Methods: 28-day old, post-weaned, male-Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=7); the first (K0) was fed a standard diet using pellets as the control, the second (K1) was fed soft food and the third (K2) was fed hard food. After eight weeks, the rats were decapitated, their brains were removed and placed on histological plates made to count the pyramid cells and quantify BDNF expression in the hippocampus. Data collected were compared using one-way ANOVA. Results: Results confirmed the pyramid cell count (K0=169.14±27.25; K1=130.14±29.32; K2=128.14±39.02) and BDNF expression (K0=85.27±19.78; K1=49.57±20.90; K2=36.86±28.97) of the K0 group to be significantly higher than that of K1 and K2 groups (p<0.05); no significant difference in the pyramidal cell count and BNDF expression was found between K1 and K2 groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: A standard diet leads to the optimum effect on hippocampus morphology. Food consistency must be appropriately suited to each development stage, in this case, hippocampus development in post-weaned period

VEGF expression and new blood vessel after dental X-ray irradiation on fractured tooth extraction wound

Background: Dental X-ray has an important role in dentistry. Complication case such as tooth fracture extraction requires this examination to determine the appropriate treatment measures. Dental X-ray can also cause a negative impact to the body at cellular and even molecular level. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the decrease of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and new blood vessels number caused by dental X-ray irradiation on fractured tooth extraction wound on day 3 and 7 after extraction. Method: We used 30 wistar rats which was randomly divided into 6 groups. Each rat’s central insisive of left mandible was fractured and then extracted after or without X-ray irradiation. Group KA and KB were control groups without irradiation. Group P1 A and P1 B were treatment groups with 0.08 mSv irradiation dose. Group P2 A and P2 B were treatment groups with 0.16 mSv irradiation dose. The subject from group KA, P1 A, and P2 A were sacrficed and sockets were collected at day 3. The subject from group KB, P1 B, and P2 B were sacrficed and sockets were collected at day 7. Socket were processed and painted with hematoxylin eosin and immunohistochemistry, then observed with a microscope. Data processing was performed with SPSS 16 through one way anova test and post hoc Tukey test HS. Result: The lowest means expression of VEGF and the number of new blood vessels on the day 3 was found in P2 A group, and the highest found in the KA group. The lowest means expression of VEGF and the number of new blood vessels on the day 7 was found in P2 B group, and the highest found in the KB group. Conclusion: Dental X-ray irradiation dose of 0.08 mSv and 0.16 mSv causes decrease of VEGF expression and new blood vessels in the wound fractured tooth extraction in day 3 and day 7 post-extraction

Cytotoxicity Test of Amethyst Root Extract (Datura metel L.) on Fibroblast Cell Using MTT Assay

Background. Antibiotic resistance could occur due to excessive use of antibiotics or using antibiotics without supervision of a doctor. Resistance to certain antibiotics may cause some failure in treatment of infectious disease. Root of amethyst contains antibacterial contents named flavonoid, tannin and saponin. Natural ingredients do not cause toxic effects, but scientific studies have not been performed to prove that the natural material is not toxic. Purpose. The aim of this study is to determine the toxicological properties of amethyst root extract on fibroblast BHK-21. Methods. Microplate containing fibroblasts BHK-21 cells that had been exposed to three concentration of amethyst root extract (10%,17,5% and 25%) was incubated 5% CO2 at a temperature of 37º C in the incubator for 20 hours. The results of MTT essay can be seen from the absorbent solution formazan crystals through specific wavelength 620 nm with elisa reader. Results. Number of fibroblasts BHK-21 which alives after the exposure of amethyst root extract on each three concentrations shows that the viability is above 50%. Conclusion. Amethyst root extract (Datura metel L.) is not toxic against fibroblasts. Keywords: Datura metel L, cytotoxicity test, fibroblast BHK-21, MTT assa

The decrease of fibroblasts and fibroblast growth factor-2 expressions as a result of X-ray irradiation on the tooth extraction socket in Rattus novergicus

Background: Wound healing involves cellular, molecular, physiological, and biochemical processes as responses to tissue damage. For instance, when a failure during tooth extraction occurs, radiographic examination, X-rays, is required. X-rays as an enforcer diagnosis can damage DNA chain, resulting in cell death and inhibition of wound healing process. Purpose: This research aims to analyze fibroblasts cell number and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) expressions during wound healing process after tooth extraction as a result of X-ray irradiation. Methods: There were three research groups, each consisting of ten rats. Incisor tooth extraction was performed on the left lower jaw, and then X-ray examination was conducted at certain irradiation doses, namely 0 mSv, 0.08 mSv, and 0.16 mSv. Those animals were sacrificed on day 3, and on day 7 after the extraction, histopathology and immunohistochemistry examinations were conducted to determine fibroblast cell number and FGF-2 expressions. Data obtained were then analyzed by oneway ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. Results: The number of fibroblasts decreased significantly in the group with the irradiation dose of 0.16 mSv applied on day 7 after the extraction (p <0.05). Similarly, the number of FGF-2 expressions decreased significantly in the group with the irradiation dose of 0.16 mSv applied on days 3 and 7 after the extraction (p <0.05). Conclusion: X-ray irradiation at a dose of 0.16 mSv can inhibit the healing process of tooth extraction wound due to the decreasing of fibroblasts cell number and FGF-2 expressions

Different Food Hardness Affect Memory

Recent studies proved the role of mastication in learning and memory function. The effect of various food hardness on spatial memory in childhood is not fully understood. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of mastication activity in spatial memory in childhood by giving food with various hardness Post-weaned rats aged 28 days were divided into three groups. Control group was fed with normal pellets diet, blended grain and seeds (soft diet) for treatment I group and whole grain and seeds (hard diet) for treatment II group. Radial eight arm maze-test was used to assess spatial memory. Data collected was analyzed using One-way Anova. There was significant difference of spatial memory (p<0.05). Control group showed the best spatial memory, while treatment II showed the lowest performance