Migration, Unemployment and Net Benefits of Inbound Tourism in a Developing Country

International tourism is increasingly viewed as one of the best opportunities for a sustainable economic and social development of developing countries. There is also an increasing concern from public policy makers as to whether mass tourism coastal resorts can play a catalytic role in the overall economic development and improve the real income of their community. In this paper, we present a general equilibrium model which explicitly takes into consideration specific features of some developing countries (e.g. coastal tourism, dual labour market, unemployment, migrations, competition between agriculture and tourism for land) to analyse the ways by which an inbound tourism boom affects this kind of country, in particular its real income. We define the conditions under which an inbound tourism boom makes developing countries residents worse off.Economic impacts, General equilibrium model, Inbound tourism, Migration, Unemployment, Developing countries

Le syndrome néerlandais : relations intersectorielles et vulnérabilité des branches exposées

L’observation a montré que, contrairement à ce qu’affirmaient les premiers modèles du syndrome néerlandais, un boom dans un secteur exposé à la concurrence internationale ne nuisait pas nécessairement à l’ensemble de tous les autres secteurs exposés de l’économie; certains d’entre eux pouvaient même en bénéficier et connaître une phase d’expansion. Deux facteurs explicatifs ont été jusqu’ici proposés : le degré de mobilité du capital et l’imparfaite substituabilité des biens nationaux aux biens étrangers. L’objet de cet article est de montrer qu’un troisième facteur est capable de rendre compte des tendances expansionnistes manifestées par certaines branches exposées : c’est la présence dans l’économie de biens intermédiaires abrités. Dans ce cadre enrichi du côté de l’offre, des évolutions atypiques par rapport aux résultats traditionnels sont envisageables tant pour les productions que pour les revenus factoriels. On présente pour finir quelques éléments relatifs au cas du Nigeria.Many empirical observations showed that a boom in a traded sector does not necessarily damage all the other traded sectors of the economy, which is in contradiction with the predictions of the former models of the Dutch disease. Some sectors may even benefit from the boom and their production may expand. This phenomenon has so far been explained by the degree of intersectoral capital mobility or the imperfect substituability between domestic and foreign traded goods. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that a third factor can explain the expansion of some traded sectors in a booming economy. This factor consists in the intensity and the nature of the interindustry flows, and more precisely in the presence of non traded intermediate goods. In a model including these features, atypical evolutions are permitted for the productions and for the factor incomes. Some empirical elements about Nigeria close this paper

Tourism, Trade and Domestic Welfare

Tourism has been regarded as a major source of economic growth and a good source of foreign exchange earnings. Tourism has also been considered as an activity that imposes costs on the host country. Such costs include increased pollution, congestion and despoliation of fragile environments and intra-generational inequity aggravation. One aspect that has been ignored is the general equilibrium effects of tourism on the other sectors in the economy. These effects can be quite substantial and should be taken into account when assessing the net benefits of a tourism boom on an economy. This paper presents a model which captures the interdependence between tourism and the rest of the economy, in particular agriculture and manufacturing. We examine the effect of a tourist boom on structural adjustment, commodity and factor prices and more importantly resident welfare. An important result obtained is that the tourist boom may “immiserize” the residents. This occurs because of two effects. The first, a favourable effect due to an increase in the relative price of the non-traded good which is termed the secondary terms of trade effect. The second, a negative effect due to an efficiency loss that occurs in the presence of increasing returns to scale in manufacturing. If this second effect outweighs the first effect, resident immiserization occurs.Tourism, Trade welfare

Intra-Tourism Trade in Europe

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of the empirics of trade in tourism services by studying bilateral intra-tourism trade for a sample of 14 member states of the European Union during the period 2000–2004. The authors apply the most up-to-date and robust method available in the literature to distinguish vertically and horizontally differentiated products: the Azhar and Elliott method (2006). The results clearly show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, a large proportion of European countries simultaneously exports and imports comparable amounts of tourism services. Moreover, the predominance of vertical differentiation in these intra-tourism flows suggests that international specialization is taking place in Europe within the tourism sector itself, along the spectrum of quality

Tourism and Globalization: A Trade Theoretic Approach

An important facet of globalization is the international fragmentation of production. This phenomenon has been studied for goods and many services but has so far been neglected in tourism studies. In this paper, we attempt to rectify that by providing theoretical and empirical evidence of various aspects of the international division of tourism production (IDTP). In the theoretical section, we use the traditional Ricardian paradigm to show that the IDTP is a conceivable possibility for tourism and may even be highly likely in a context of rapidly decreasing costs of transport, trade and communications. The three theoretical cases shown here can be interpreted, in a historical perspective, as describing the gradual opening of tourism to international trade in Europe. The empirical section is based on the revealed comparative advantage index of Balassa to study the pattern of specialization of 36 countries (18 OECD countries and 18 developing countries) in two segments of the tourism product system. Our results confirm that tourism production has been globally fragmented over the period 1980-2006, but that the pattern of specialization of the two groups of countries evolved differently over time

Tourism and Globalization: A Trade Theoretic Approach

An important facet of globalization is the international fragmentation of production. This phenomenon has been studied for goods and many services but has so far been neglected in tourism studies. In this paper, we attempt to rectify that by providing theoretical and empirical evidence of various aspects of the international division of tourism production (IDTP). In the theoretical section, we use the traditional Ricardian paradigm to show that the IDTP is a conceivable possibility for tourism and may even be highly likely in a context of rapidly decreasing costs of transport, trade and communications. The three theoretical cases shown here can be interpreted, in a historical perspective, as describing the gradual opening of tourism to international trade in Europe. The empirical section is based on the revealed comparative advantage index of Balassa to study the pattern of specialization of 36 countries (18 OECD countries and 18 developing countries) in two segments of the tourism product system. Our results confirm that tourism production has been globally fragmented over the period 1980-2006, but that the pattern of specialization of the two groups of countries evolved differently over time

Tourism and Globalization: The International Division of Tourism Production

An important facet of globalization is the international fragmentation of production. This phenomenon, also called international division of production processes, outsourcing, vertical specialization, and so on, has been studied for goods and many services but has so far been ignored for tourism. This article attempts to rectify that by providing theoretical and empirical evidence of various aspects of the international division of tourism production. In the modeling section, the traditional Ricardian paradigm of international trade theory is deliberately chosen to explain how the international splitting up of value-added chains in the tourism industry can occur across countries. The authors then conduct an empirical study of a sample of 38 countries to measure these countries’ comparative advantages in two segments of the tourism product system. Data from 1980-2004 indicate that tourism production is globally fragmented and that the scale of such fragmented production is quite substantial. Using more disaggregated data for 15 EU countries, the authors find evidence of a high level of fragmented tourism production as well

Embracing the Unreliability of Memory Devices for Neuromorphic Computing

The emergence of resistive non-volatile memories opens the way to highly energy-efficient computation near- or in-memory. However, this type of computation is not compatible with conventional ECC, and has to deal with device unreliability. Inspired by the architecture of animal brains, we present a manufactured differential hybrid CMOS/RRAM memory architecture suitable for neural network implementation that functions without formal ECC. We also show that using low-energy but error-prone programming conditions only slightly reduces network accuracy

Homeostatic competition drives tumor growth and metastasis nucleation

We propose a mechanism for tumor growth emphasizing the role of homeostatic regulation and tissue stability. We show that competition between surface and bulk effects leads to the existence of a critical size that must be overcome by metastases to reach macroscopic sizes. This property can qualitatively explain the observed size distributions of metastases, while size-independent growth rates cannot account for clinical and experimental data. In addition, it potentially explains the observed preferential growth of metastases on tissue surfaces and membranes such as the pleural and peritoneal layers, suggests a mechanism underlying the seed and soil hypothesis introduced by Stephen Paget in 1889 and yields realistic values for metastatic inefficiency. We propose a number of key experiments to test these concepts. The homeostatic pressure as introduced in this work could constitute a quantitative, experimentally accessible measure for the metastatic potential of early malignant growths.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, to be published in the HFSP Journa