‘Everyone thought I was a very very bad person… no one want to know you like the nurses and doctors’:using focus groups to elicit the views of adults with learning disability who use challenging behaviour services

and Tables S1–S3. (PDF 3090 kb

An epigenetic clock for gestational age at birth based on blood methylation data

Background: Gestational age is often used as a proxy for developmental maturity by clinicians and researchers alike. DNA methylation has previously been shown to be associated with age and has been used to accurately estimate chronological age in children and adults. In the current study, we examine whether DNA methylation in cord blood can be used to estimate gestational age at birth. Results: We find that gestational age can be accurately estimated from DNA methylation of neonatal cord blood and blood spot samples. We calculate a DNA methylation gestational age using 148 CpG sites selected through elastic net regression in six training datasets. We evaluate predictive accuracy in nine testing datasets and find that the accuracy of the DNA methylation gestational age is consistent with that of gestational age estimates based on established methods, such as ultrasound. We also find that an increased DNA methylation gestational age relative to clinical gestational age is associated with birthweight independent of gestational age, sex, and ancestry. Conclusions: DNA methylation can be used to accurately estimate gestational age at or near birth and may provide additional information relevant to developmental stage. Further studies of this predictor are warranted to determine its utility in clinical settings and for research purposes. When clinical estimates are available this measure may increase accuracy in the testing of hypotheses related to developmental age and other early life circumstances.Peer reviewe

Maternal prenatal anxiety interacts with child rs4680 to predict symptoms of ADHD and working memory.

<p>Maternal prenatal anxiety interacts with child rs4680 to predict symptoms of ADHD and working memory.</p

Maternal mood, child and adolescent outcomes across rs4680 genotypes.

<p>Maternal mood, child and adolescent outcomes across rs4680 genotypes.</p

Maternal prenatal anxiety, child rs4680 genotype and working memory at 8 years of age.

<p>Maternal ratings of prenatal anxiety at 32 weeks of pregnancy (x axis) were plotted against child working memory (backward digit span) assessed as part of the WISC = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children at 8 years of age. Regression lines represent each of the three rs4680 genotypes: val/val (GG:blue), val/met (AG: green) and met/met(AA: purple). yrs = years.</p

Maternal prenatal anxiety, child rs4680 genotype and symptoms of ADHD at 4 and 15 years of age.

<p>Maternal ratings of prenatal anxiety at 32 weeks of pregnancy (x axes) were plotted against child symptoms of ADHD from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at age 4 (left panel) and the likelihood of ADHD computed from the Development and Well-Being Aseessment (DAWBA) at age 15 years (right panel). Regression lines represent each of the three rs4680 genotypes: val/val (GG:blue), val/met (AG: green) and met/met(AA: purple). ADHD = attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. yrs = years.</p

Differences in nutrient intake in resilient women (<i>n</i> = 454) compared to non-resilient women (<i>n</i> = 484).

<p>Values are given as g/d and adjusted for age, educational attainment, and total energy intake. The error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Nutrients are adjusted for energy by using the residual method. Resilience is defined as a personality profile with low neuroticism and high extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness.</p

Linear regressions between nutrients as dependent variables and the personality traits neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness as independent variables in women (<i>n</i> = 938).

1<p>Nutrients adjusted for energy using the residual method.</p>2<p>Beta coefficient for the change in nutrient intake (g/d, mg/d, or μg/d) for every 1 SD increase in the personality score.</p>3<p>Model 1 adjusted for age, educational attainment, and total energy intake.</p>4<p>Remained significant after applying Model 2 adjusted for age, educational attainment, total energy intake, BMI and WHR.</p>5<p>Remained significant after applying the Bonferroni corrections.</p><p>Mean difference in food use (g/d) is given for the increase of 1 SD in the personality score.</p

Characteristics of the study population.

1<p>By resilience is meant the personality profile with low neuroticism and high extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness.</p

Linear regressions between nutrients as dependent variables and the personality traits neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness as independent variables in men (<i>n</i> = 743).

1<p>Nutrients adjusted for energy using the residual method.</p>2<p>Beta coefficient for the change in nutrient intake (g/d, mg/d, or μg/d) for every 1 SD increase in the personality score.</p>3<p>Model 1 adjusted for age, educational attainment, and total energy intake.</p>4<p>Remained significant after applying Model 2 adjusted for age, educational attainment, total energy intake, BMI and WHR.</p>5<p>Remained significant after applying the Bonferroni corrections.</p><p>Mean difference in food use (g/d) is given for the increase of 1 SD in the personality score.</p