The small phytomolecule resveratrol: A promising role in boosting tumor cell chemosensitivity

Resveratrol (RES), chemically known as trans-3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene, is a polyphenolic molecule that occurs naturally and is produced by a variety of plants in response to being stimulated by diverse stimuli. It possesses a wide range of biological activities and provides a multitude of health benefits, including anti-tumor, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant characteristics. According to the findings of research on the bioavailability of RES, oral administration results in a high level of absorption. However, research has demonstrated that the administration of RES through gavage or intravenous administration produces more favorable results than the administration of RES through oral administration. As a result, more research has been carried out to address the rapid metabolism of RES. This has been accomplished through the utilization of novel formulation methodologies, metabolic regulation, and the analysis of potential interactions with other dietary variables. Through the process of triggering apoptosis, RES has been proposed as a possible agent for reversing drug resistance and improving the therapeutic potential of chemotherapy. Additionally, RES exhibits promising antiproliferative properties when paired with chemotherapeutic medicines, which enhances the overall function of these treatments. It is vital to do additional research to shed light on the beneficial role that RES plays in the context of cancer therapy, even though there have been few clinical trials that combine RES with anticancer medications

La régulation du facteur induit par l'hypoxie, HIF-1

Le facteur induit par l’hypoxie 1 (Hypoxia-inducible factor-1, HIF-1) est un facteur de transcription clé dans la réponse cellulaire au stress hypoxique. Entre autres, HIF-1 permet le maintien de l’homéostasie de l’oxygène en situations hypoxiques par l’activation de plusieurs gènes impliqués dans divers processus cellulaires et physiologiques. Outre son rôle physiologique important, HIF-1 est également impliqué dans la pathogenèse de nombreuses maladies. Ce facteur est un complexe constitué de deux sous unités, α et β. Contrairement à HIF-1β qui est constitutive, HIF-1α est hautement sensible à l’oxygène. En condition normale d’oxygène, la sous-unité HIF-1α est dégradée par le protéasome à la suite de son hydroxylation. Cependant, en hypoxie, l’hydroxylation et la dégradation de HIF-1α sont inhibées, ce qui se traduit par une stabilisation de HIF-1α et une activation du complexe transcriptionnel HIF-1. Divers autres mécanismes permettent également un contrôle précis de l’activité de HIF-1 afin d’assurer une réponse adaptative adéquate à l’hypoxie. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse visent à élucider des nouveaux mécanismes de régulation de la sous-unité HIF-1α. Dans un premier temps, nous démontrons la contribution de la prolyl isomérase Pin1 dans la régulation post-traductionnelle de HIF- 1α. Nos travaux indiquent que l’isomérisation de HIF-1α par Pin1 joue un rôle clé dans la régulation de l’activité du complexe HIF-1 et permet une régulation différentielle de ses gènes cibles. Dans un deuxième temps, nous montrons un rôle crucial de Pin1 dans la régulation transcriptionnelle de HIF-1α. Plus précisément, nous montrons l’implication de Pin1 dans la régulation de l’activité de régulateurs positifs de l’expression de HIF-1α, les facteurs de transcription Sp1 et Sp3, ainsi que l’impact de cette régulation sur l’activation du promoteur du gène HIF-1A. Finalement, nous présentons le composé PD184161, un inhibiteur de la voie p42/p44 MAPK, comme un puissant inhibiteur sélectif de la sous-unité HIF-1α. En ce sens, PD184161 permet de bloquer spécifiquement l’accumulation de la protéine HIF-1α induite par des activateurs non-hypoxiques via un mécanisme dépendant de la stabilité mais indépendant de la voie p42/p44 MAPK. Bref, la détermination des nouveaux mécanismes moléculaires modulant l’activité du facteur HIF-1 dans diverses conditions permet une meilleure compréhension des modes de régulation des voies de signalisation hypoxique induites par HIF-1 dans des conditions physiologiques ou pathologiques et aura, par conséquent, un impact majeur sur le développement des stratégies thérapeutiques efficaces.Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) is a key transcription factor for the cellular response to hypoxic stress. HIF-1 allows the maintenance of oxygen homeostasis under hypoxic situations by activating several genes involved in various cellular and physiological processes. In addition to its important physiological role, HIF-1 is also implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. This factor is a complex composed of two subunits, α and β. In contrast to HIF-1β which is constitutive, HIF-1α is highly sensitive to oxygen. Under normal oxygen conditions, the HIF-1α is degraded by the proteasome following its hydroxylation. In contrast, and under hypoxia, hydroxylation and degradation of HIF-1α are impeded, resulting in HIF-1α stabilization and activation of the HIF-1 transcriptional complex. To ensure an adequate adaptive response, different molecular mechanisms play important regulatory roles for the precise control of HIF-1 activity. The work presented in this thesis aims to elucidate new mechanisms implicated in the regulation of the HIF-1α subunit. We begin by demonstrating the contribution of the prolyl isomerase Pin1 in the post-translational regulation of HIF-1α. Our results indicate that HIF-1α isomerization by Pin1 plays a central role in the regulation of HIF-1 complex activity and leads to a differential regulation of its target genes. Then, we show the pivotal role played by Pin1 in the transcriptional regulation of HIF-1α. More precisely, we provide a comprehensive investigation of the involvement of Pin1 in regulating the activity of positive regulators of HIF-1α expression, the transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3, and the impact of this regulation on HIF-1A gene promoter activation. Finally, we present the compound PD184161, a p42/p44 MAPK pathway inhibitor, as a potent selective inhibitor of the HIF-1α subunit. Indeed, PD184161 specifically blocks HIF-1α protein accumulation induced by nonhypoxic activators through a mechanism dependent on HIF-1α stability but independent of p42/p44 MAPK pathway activation. In summary, the determination of novel molecular mechanisms modulating the HIF-1 transcription factor activity under various conditions leads to a better understanding of hypoxic signaling pathways induced by HIF-1 under both physiological, or pathological, conditions. Therefore, these studies may have an important impact on the development of effective therapeutic strategies in this field

Étude de l'interaction de la transitine et du déterminant de l'identité cellulaire Numb durant la myogenèse

La transitine est une protéine cytosquelettique de la famille des filaments intermédiaires (FI) exprimée pendant la différenciation musculaire, lors du remplacement de la vimentine par la desmine. L'expression transitoire de cette protéine a permis de conclure qu'elle est impliquée dans la réorganisation du réseau des Fis pendant la différenciation des cellules musculaire. En plus de son rôle structural dans les cellules myogéniques, la transitine joue un rôle crucial dans la régulation de la neurogenèse en agissant comme plateforme d'ancrage du déterminant d'identité cellulaire Numb et assurant la distribution asymétrique de cette protéine dans les cellules neuroépithéliales aviaires en mitose (Wakamatsu et al., 2007). La transitine est également impliquée dans la formation des muscles durant des étapes précoces de la myogenèse et peut jouer un rôle dans la distribution asymétrique du déterminant de l'identité cellulaire Numb dans les cellules myogéniques. Son rôle dans la distribution asymétrique de Numb a été vérifié par l'étude de la localisation fine de ces deux protéines dans le somite en différenciation. Nos résultats ont montré que ces deux protéines colocalisent dans le coté basai des cellules mitotiques de la lèvre dorsale de dermomyotome. D'autre part, l'implication directe de la transitine durant la formation des muscles a été déterminée par l'analyse de l'effet de l'atténuation de l'expression de la transitine par RNAi sur la différenciation myogénique dans un modèle cellulaire, la lignée QM7. L'atténuation de l'expression de la transitine altère la morphologie cellulaire et la capacité des cellules de se différencier et d'exprimer les facteurs myogéniques et les marqueurs de la différenciation. En effet, nos résultats montrent bien qu'en absence de la transitine, les cellules ne se différencient pas et gardent le caractère des cellules précurseurs myogéniques malgré leur incubation dans un milieu de différenciation. De même, cette protéine peut être impliquée dans la régulation de la synthèse/stabilité de Numb. Nos résultats ont montré une augmentation de niveau d'expression de Numb dans les cellules dont l'expression de la transitine est diminuée, par rapport aux cellules contrôles. Ces études ont donc démontré que la transitine joue un role clé dans la myogenèse en tant qu'une protéine importante pour la transition myoblaste-m yotube

The angiotensin II type 1 receptor mediates the induction of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in HUVECs induced by angiotensin II

Angiotensin (Ang) II, which is the central effector of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is one of the principal mediators of vascular dysfunction in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Proper vascular function is mediated by oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and autophagy. However, the underlying signaling pathways and the major RAS components involved in this process are still not fully understood. In the present study, the effect of Ang II on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis induction, and autophagy in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was investigated. An Annexin V kit was used for the apoptosis analysis, and caspase-3/7 activities were measured with the Caspase-Glo 3/7 Assay Kit. ROS production was measured using a 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate probe whereas detection of autophagy was performed using acridine orange staining. We found that Ang II increases oxidative stress via ROS production, cell apoptosis via caspase 3/7, and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Interestingly, losartan, being an antagonist of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), has demonstrated the ability to restore autophagy levels to that of the control group subsequent to its induction by Ang II. The latter can thus induce endothelial cell damage, through excessive oxidative stress and defective autophagy-related apoptosis, which can be inhibited by losartan. These findings reinforce the pivotal role played by the Ang II/AT1R axis in the pathogenesis of vascular damage and bolster our knowledge of the role played by ROS/autophagy-related apoptosis via AT1R in the pathogenesis of hypertension and vascular diseases

Maternal Exposure to Acephate Caused Nephrotoxicity in Adult Offspring Rats Mediated by Excessive Autophagy Activation, Oxidative Stress Induction, and Altered Epithelial Sodium Channel and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase Gene Expression

This study examined how maternal exposure to acephate—an organophosphate-based insecticide—affected the renal development in rat offspring during adulthood. Virgin female Wistar rats were randomly allocated to three groups: group 1 (control) received sterile water; groups 2 and 3 were intragastrically exposed to low (14 mg/kg) and high (28 mg/kg) doses of acephate from day 6 of pregnancy until delivery, respectively. Further, the offspring of the adult female rats were euthanized in postnatal week 8. Compared with the controls, the adult rat offspring with exposure to low and high doses of acephate exhibited elevated plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. Additionally, immunofluorescence analysis revealed the upregulation of autophagic marker genes (Beclin-1 and LC-3) in the acephate-treated rat offspring, thereby suggesting the induction of an autophagic mechanism. Notably, the increased malondialdehyde level, decreased glutathione level, and decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities confirmed the ability of acephate to induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in the kidneys of the rat offspring. This may explain the renal histopathological injury detected using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Furthermore, a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that the mRNA expression levels of the Na+/K+-ATPase and the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) genes were significantly higher in the kidney of female offspring than that of controls owing to acephate toxicity. However, there was no significant effect of acephate on the expression of NHE3 in the treatment group compared with the control group. Overall, the present findings suggest that oxidative stress caused by prenatal exposure to acephate causes nephrotoxicity and histopathological alterations in adult rat offspring, likely by actions on renal ENaC and Na+/K+-ATPase genes as well as the autophagic markers Beclin-1 and LC-3

Allethrin Promotes Apoptosis and Autophagy Associated with the Oxidative Stress-Related PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Developing Rat Ovaries

The increased concern regarding the reduction in female fertility and the impressive numbers of women undergoing fertility treatment support the existence of environmental factors beyond inappropriate programming of developing ovaries. Among these factors are pyrethroids, which are currently some of the most commonly used pesticides worldwide. The present study was performed to investigate the developmental effects of the pyrethroid-based insecticide allethrin on ovarian function in rat offspring in adulthood. We mainly focused on the roles of oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy and the related pathways in ovarian injury. Thirty-day-old Wistar albino female rats were intragastrically administered 0 (control), 34.2 or 68.5 mg/kg body weight allethrin after breeding from Day 6 of pregnancy until delivery. We found that allethrin-induced ovarian histopathological damage was accompanied by elevations in oxidative stress and apoptosis. Interestingly, the number of autophagosomes in allethrin-treated ovaries was higher, and this increase was correlated with the upregulated expression of genes and proteins related to the autophagic marker LC-3. Furthermore, allethrin downregulated the expression of PI3K, AKT and mTOR in allethrin-treated ovaries compared with control ovaries. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest that exposure to the pyrethroid-based insecticide allethrin adversely affects both the follicle structure and function in rat offspring during adulthood. Specifically, allethrin can induce excessive oxidative stress and defective autophagy-related apoptosis, probably through inactivation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and these effects may contribute to ovarian dysfunction and impaired fertility in female offspring

Quantitative proteomics analysis of COVID-19 patients: Fetuin-A and tetranectin as potential modulators of innate immune responses

Treatment of severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is extremely important to minimize death and end-organ damage. Here we performed a proteomic analysis of plasma samples from mild, moderate and severe COVID-19 patients. Analysis revealed differentially expressed proteins and different therapeutic potential targets related to innate immune responses such as fetuin-A, tetranectin (TN) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1). Furthermore, protein changes in plasma showed dysregulation of complement and coagulation cascades in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls. In conclusion, our proteomics data suggested fetuin-A and TN as potential targets that might be used for diagnosis as well as signatures for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease

Efforts in Bioprospecting Research: A Survey of Novel Anticancer Phytochemicals Reported in the Last Decade

Bioprospecting natural products to find prominent agents for medical application is an area of scientific endeavor that has produced many clinically used bioactive compounds, including anticancer agents. These compounds come from plants, microorganisms, and marine life. They are so-called secondary metabolites that are important for a species to survive in the hostile environment of its respective ecosystem. The kingdom of Plantae has been an important source of traditional medicine in the past and is also enormously used today as an exquisite reservoir for detecting novel bioactive compounds that are potent against hard-to-treat maladies such as cancer. Cancer therapies, especially chemotherapies, are fraught with many factors that are difficult to manage, such as drug resistance, adverse side effects, less selectivity, complexity, etc. Here, we report the results of an exploration of the databases of PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar for bioactive anticancer phytochemicals published between 2010 and 2020. Our report is restricted to new compounds with strong-to-moderate bioactivity potential for which mass spectroscopic structural data are available. Each of the phytochemicals reported in this review was assigned to chemical classes with peculiar anticancer properties. In our survey, we found anticancer phytochemicals that are reported to have selective toxicity against cancer cells, to sensitize MDR cancer cells, and to have multitarget effects in several signaling pathways. Surprisingly, many of these compounds have limited follow-up studies. Detailed investigations into the synthesis of more functional derivatives, chemical genetics, and the clinical relevance of these compounds are required to achieve safer chemotherapy

Exploring Importance and Regulation of Autophagy in Cancer Stem Cells and Stem Cell-Based Therapies

Autophagy is a globally conserved cellular activity that plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis through the breakdown and recycling of cellular constituents. In recent years, there has been much emphasis given to its complex role in cancer stem cells (CSCs) and stem cell treatment. This study examines the molecular processes that support autophagy and how it is regulated in the context of CSCs and stem cell treatment. Although autophagy plays a dual role in the management of CSCs, affecting their removal as well as their maintenance, the intricate interaction between the several signaling channels that control cellular survival and death as part of the molecular mechanism of autophagy has not been well elucidated. Given that CSCs have a role in the development, progression, and resistance to treatment of tumors, it is imperative to comprehend their biological activities. CSCs are important for cancer biology because they also show a tissue regeneration model that helps with organoid regeneration. In other words, the manipulation of autophagy is a viable therapeutic approach in the treatment of cancer and stem cell therapy. Both synthetic and natural substances that target autophagy pathways have demonstrated promise in improving stem cell-based therapies and eliminating CSCs. Nevertheless, there are difficulties associated with the limitations of autophagy in CSC regulation, including resistance mechanisms and off-target effects. Thus, the regulation of autophagy offers a versatile strategy for focusing on CSCs and enhancing the results of stem cell therapy. Therefore, understanding the complex interactions between autophagy and CSC biology would be essential for creating therapeutic treatments that work in both regenerative medicine and cancer treatment

Genetic Diversity of SARS-CoV2 and Environmental Settings: Possible Association with Neurological Disorders

International audienceThe new coronavirus (CoV), called novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), belongs to the Coronaviridae family which wasoriginated from the sea market in Wuhan city in China, at the end of the year 2019. COVID-19 and severe acute respiratorysyndrome (SARS) are belonging to the same family (Coronaviridae). The current outbreak of COVID-19 creates public concernand threats all over the world and now it spreads out to more than 250 countries and territories. The researchers and scientists fromall over the world are trying to find out the therapeutic strategies to abate the morbidity and mortality rate of the COVID-19 pandemic. The replication, spreading, and severity of SARS-CoV2 depend on environmental settings. Noteworthy, meteorological parameters are considered as crucial factors that affect respiratory infectious disorders, although the controversial effectof the meteorological parameter is exposed against COVID-19. Besides, COVID-19 accelerates the pathogenesis of the neurological disorders. However, the pathogenic mechanisms between COVID-19 and neurological disorders are still unclear. Hence,this review is focused on the genomics and ecology of SARS-CoV2 and elucidated the effects of climatic factors on theprogression of COVID-19. This review also critically finds out the vulnerability between COVID-19 and neurological disordersbased on the latest research data