Die Auswirkungen der transitionsperiode auf das Sportsmanagement

The question of marketing management, being one of the most important components of sports management in general, is today clearly one of the key issues of funding sports in the transition countries. Eastern European countries are confronting large problems in financing sport as a result of the per capita Gross Domestic Product in most of them being much lower than the GDP of Western countries. The transformation of their companies is relatively slow (denationalization, moves towards a market economy...), therefore virtually no funding is available from that source to significantly replace the extensive financial resources for sport that came out of the state budgets of the former political system. In part, the same situation applies to Slovenia. Certain answers to global questions of sports marketing in Slovenia have been collected through questionnaires answered to by 156 legal sports entities. We calculated a frequency distribution of those replies separately for each group, and the contingency tables showing the relationships between the groups, while the average of the replies has been calculated with an accompanying analysis of variance. Hypotheses of the differences between groups have been tested with the help of the F test and CHI2 test. Zero hypotheses have been rejected by 5%error. Given that the proportion of funds coming from public sources has been relatively stable in Slovenia (albeit compared to the total 1998 budget it has been decreasing), funds emerging from private sources have been significantly increasing. In the opinion of the respondent legal entities, Slovenian companies can no longer manage to give sufficient financial support to top sports, and are too involved in supporting lower ranked levels of certain sports events, whereas their support for sports for all is very poor. In any event, the future of sports should not be completely left to the marketing rules.Die Problematik des Marketings, als eines der wichtigsten Teile des Sportmanagements im allgemeinen, ist heutzutage sicherlich eine der entscheidendsten Fragen der Finanzierung des Sports in Transitionsländern. Die osteuropäischen Lander kämpfen mit den großen finanziellen Problemen im Sportbereich, da das Bruttosozialprodukt pro Einwohnerin meisten von diesen Ländern bedeutend niedrieger als in westeuropäischen Ländern ist. Die Umwandlung der Geschäftsfirmen verlauft ziemlich langsam (Denationalisierung, Marktwirtschaft). Deshalb kommen aus dieser Quelle keine Geldmittel, die zum größeren Teil die ausgiebigen Finanzmittel ersetzen könnten, die in den ehemaligen politischen Systemen für den Sport aus der Staatskasse gegeben wurden. Teilweise bezieht sich das auch auf Slowenien. Einige Antworte auf globale Fragen des Sportmarketings in Slowenien wurden mittels einer Umfrage an 156 gesetzlichen Sporteinheiten gesammelt. Die Distributionsrate der Antworte auf jede einzelne Gruppe der Fragen, sowie die die Beziehungen zwischen Gruppen darstellende Kontingenztabellen wurden dargestellt. Der Durchschnitt der Antworte wurde mittels der Varianzanalyse gerechnet. Die Hypothesen über die Verschiedenheiten zwischen Gruppen wurden mittels des F-Tests und Chi-Quadrat-Tests geprüft. Die Nullhypothesen wurden mit dem 5-prozentigem Fehler abgewiesen. Hinsichtlich der Tatsache, dass die Finanzierung aus den öffentlichen Quellen in Slowenien relativ stabil war (obwohl im Vergleich mit dem Gesamtbudget für 1998 etwas reduziert), haben die Geldmittel aus Privatquellen bedeutend zugenommen. Nach der Meinung der befragten gesetzlichen Sporteinheiten, gelingt es den slowenischen Geschäftsfirmen kaum mehr, genügende finanzielle Unterstützung dem Höchstleistungssport anzubieten. Andererseits unterstützen sie einige Sportarten niedrigerer Qualität zu viel, während ihre Hilfe dem “Sport für alle” sehr arm ist. Jedenfalls sind sich die Befragten einig, dass Sport nicht ausschließlich den Marketinggesetzen überlassen werden sollte

Verbindung zwischen Blutlaktatkonzentration und Effektivität beim schwimmen

The purpose of this study was to analyze efficacy of swimmers. Twenty-eight best Slovenian male swimmers took part in the study. Swimming velocity at the individual lactate threshold of 4mmolil lactate concentration during the 5x (3x 200m) crawl test with increasing speed was significantly correlated with swimming velocity in 400m crawl (r=0.59, r=0.69, P<0.05) and 100m crawl (r=0.85, r=0.74, P<0.05). Velocity of breaststroke swimming at individual 4 mmol/l level, computed from the crawl swimming velocity at 4mmol/l lactate level, was correlated with swimming velocity in 100m (r=0.75, P<0.05) and 200m (r=0.86) breaststroke. In the same way, the computed velocity for butterfly was correlated with 200m butterfly (r=0.87, P<0.05). Submaximal and maximal velocity in the 2x200m crawl test were not significantly correlated with the swimming efficacy criteria.Das Ziel dieser Forschung war die Analyse der Leistung von Schwimmern. Das Muster bestand aus 28 besten slowenischen Schwimmern. Die Schwimmgeschwindigkeit an der Laktatschwelle und bei der Laktatkonzentration von 4 mmol/l beim 5 x (3 x 200m) Kraulen mit der steigenden Geschwindigkeit steht in bedeutender Korrelation mit der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit beim 400m-Kraulen (r=0.59, r=0.69, P<0.05), 100m (r=0.85, r=0.74, P<0.05). Die Geschwindigkeit beim Brustschwimmen am Laktatniveau von 4 mmol/l, das aufgrund der Kraulschwimmgeschwindigkeit am 4 mmol/l Laktatniveau errechnet wurde, korrelierte mit der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit beim 100m- (r=0.75, P<0.05) und 200m-Brustschwimmen (r=0.86, P<0.05). Ebenso wurde die errechnete Geschwindigkeit beim Schmetterlingschwimmen mit dem 200m-Schmetterlingschwimmen (r=0.87, P<0.05) korreliert. Die submaximale und die maximale Geschwindigkeit bei dem 2 x 200m Kraul-Test korrelierte nicht bedeutend (P<0.05) mit Leistungskriterien

Segmentiranje potrošača sporta u Sloveniji

In terms of its size and population, the advertising of sport in Slovenia involves a relatively large and promising market, which is represented by TV viewers, spectators of sports events and all those practising recreational sport. For all of these groups certain characteristics of the marketing strategies have to be adhered to by all of the following: advertisers at sports events and TV broadcasts, sponsors of events and sports people, organisers of sports events, organisers and animators of organised sports practice as well as sports agents. According to the responses given in the present research, the respondent subjects – who as-sumed the role of sports consumers – were classified into four categories: INACTIVE people, TV VIEW-ERS of sports events, SPECTATORS of sports events and ACTIVE sports participants. The use of the χ2 test confirmed statistically significant differences in all four categories, the most considerable being seen with INACTIVE people and ACTIVE sports participants. The low percentage in the first category and the high one in the second suggest the positive notion that Slovenian people’s awareness of sport and recreation is on the rise. In addition, the χ 2 test also confirmed statistically significant differences between all of the studied variables in the four categories. Finally, the results of the research provide important information about sports consumers in Slovenia.Uvod U odnosu na svoju veličinu i populaciju, reklamiranje, promidžba sporta u Sloveniji obuhvaća relativno veliko i obećavajuće tržište koje predstavljaju TV gledatelji, gledatelji sportskih natjecanja i svi sudionici rekreacijskih sportskih aktivnosti. Oglašivači sportskih događanja i televizijskih prijenosa, sponzori sportskih događanja i sportaša, organizatori sportskih događanja, organizatori i animatori organizirane sportske prakse te sportski agenti trebaju svakoj od tih skupina prilagoditi vlastitu marketinšku strategiju. Segmentacija omogućuje identifikaciju marketinških potencijala te posljedično primorava organizacije da vrednuju te potencijale i da se odluče koliko će i koje segmente pokriti svojom aktivnošću. Procjenjuju se ograničenja i potencijal za ostvarenje dobiti svakog segmenta, pa segmentacija zapravo postavlja putokaze za oblikovanje marketinških strategija i predviđa potrebna ulaganja i sredstva. Metode Ukupni testirani uzorak, koji je obuhvatio 1.350 osoba (n=1.350), može se smatrati reprezentativnim uzorkom slovenske populacije osoba starijih od 15 godina. Podaci su prikupljeni pomoću telefonske ankete i obrađeni su programom SPSS. Bivarijatna analiza podataka – usporedba segmenata zavisnih varijabla – provedena je pomoću kontingencijskih tablica. Statistička značajnost razlika između dobivenih četiriju segmenata provjerena je χ 2 testom. Primijenjene metode otkrile su četiri segmenta: AKTIVNI (redoviti ili povremeni) sudionici sportskih aktivnosti: ta grupa obuhvaća sve ispitanike koji se sportskim ili sportsko-rekreacijskim aktivnosti bave najmanje nekoliko puta godišnje. Oni su uz to mogli biti i publika na sportskim događanjima i/ili TV gledatelji sportskih događanja. TV GLEDATELJI sportskih događanja: ta se grupa sastojala od ispitanika koji su izjavili da prate barem jednu sportsku disciplinu na televiziji. PUBLIKA, GLEDATELJI sportskih događanja: tu su grupu činili ispitanici koji su izjavili da posjećuju sportske priredbe i natjecanja. Oni su istodobno mogli biti i TV gledatelji sportskih događanja. NEAKTIVNI ispitanici: tu su grupu činili svi preostali ispitanici. Rezultati i rasprava Uzorak od 1.350 anketiranih sastojao se od 692 žene (51,3%) i 658 muškaraca (48,7%). Najveći postotni udio ispitanika bio je stariji od 61 godine (21,6%), a najmanji postotni udio imali su ispitanici u dobi između 15 i 17 godina (5,8%). Struktura segmentiranoga uzorka prema načinu sudjelovanja u sportu: Prvi segment uključivao je one ispitanike koji ne sudjeluju u sportskim aktivnosti niti uopće prate sport (NEAKTIVNI); postotni udio tih ispitanika bio je malen: 8,7%. Rezultati χ 2 testa upućuju na statistički značaj-ne razlike među dobivenim segmentima sudionika u sportu. Usporedba svih četiriju segmenata otkriva da najveći postotni udio pripada skupini segmentu AKTIVNIH sudionika (69.2%). Istina, segment AKTIVNIH sudionika uključivao je i jedan dio TV gledatelje i posjetitelje sportskih priredaba, jer su ljudi koji se aktivno bave sportom ili sportskom rekreacijom i privrženi promatrači sportskih događanja. Taj nalaz potvrđen je vrlo malim postotnim udjelom televizijskih gledatelja koji istodobno nisu bili i aktivni sudionici sportskih aktivnosti. Struktura segmentiranoga uzorka prema spolu: U segmentu NEAKTIVNIH ispitanika znatno su prevladavale žene s udjelom od 72%. Slabiji interes žena za sport vidi se i u segmentu PUBLIKA sportskih događanja u njihovom postotnom udjelu od 32,3%. Nasreću, u segmentu AKTIVNIH sudionika u sportskim aktivnostima ne opažaju se spolne razlike (žene 49%, muškarci 51%), što se može interpretirati kao pozitivan pomak prema aktivnom sudjelovanju žena u sportskim aktivnostima. Struktura segmentiranoga uzorka prema dobi: U skupini NEAKTIVNIH ispitanika najviše se ističu najmlađa (15-17 godina) i najstarija dobna skupina (iznad 61 godine). Prva se dobna skupina izdvaja u pozitivnom smislu – njen postotni udio među neaktivnim ispitanicima bio je samo 0,9%, dok se druga dobna skupina isticala u negativnom smislu – čak 44,1% neaktivnih ispitanika bilo je starije od 60 godina. Iste se dobne skupine ističu i u segmentu TV gledatelja. Najmlađi ispitanici očito nisu osobito zainteresirani za televizijsko praćenje sportskih događaja (1,3%) za razliku od najstarijih ispitanika (39%), koji su daleko najveća skupina toga segmenta. Kao što je bilo očekivano, ispitanici u dobi između 31. i 40. godine bili su najbrojnija dobna skupina u segmentu PUBLIKE sportskih događanja (29%). Struktura segmentiranoga uzorka prema stupnju obrazovanja: Najveći udio u segmentu NEAKTIVNIH sudionika imali su ispitanici sa završenom samo osnovnom školom (45,8%). Najvjernija PUBLIKA sportskih događaja bili su, očekivano, ispitanici sa srednjoškolskim obrazovanjem (45,2%). Struktura segmentiranoga uzorka prema zaposlenju: Umirovljenih je osoba bilo najviše u segmentu NEAKTIVNIH (48,3%). Suprotno visokom postotku umirovljenih osoba među TV gledateljima (44,9%), u ostale dvije skupine njihov je relativni udio bio neznatan, a samo je udio zaposlenih prešao razinu od 10%. Struktura segmentiranoga uzorka prema mjesto stanovanja: Prva skupina (izolirana kuća, mala mjesta do 500 stanovnika) odstupa od prosjeka u skupini NEAKTIVNIH ispitanika s udjelom od 48,3%. To se moglo i očekivati s obzirom na to da u tako malim mjestima ne postoje objekti u kojima bi se mogle organizirati sportske aktivnosti. Ipak, njihova iskrena želja da sudjeluju u sportu vidljiva je u činjenici da oni imaju najveći udio u svim ostalim segmentima. Zanimljivo je primijetiti da vrlo mali postotak stanovnika grada (8,1%) dolazi na sportske priredbe, premda za to imaju najbolje uvjete. Struktura segmentiranoga uzorka prema vrsti lokalne zajednice: Osobe iz ruralnih zajednica su najviše sportski NEAKTIVNI (60,7%), no oni čine najveći dio PUBLIKE na sportskim priredbama (43,5%), za razliku od stanovnika grada (35,5%) ili prigradskih naselja (21,0%). Struktura segmentiranoga uzorka prema neto mjesečnom osobnom dohotku: U strukturi segmenata prema neto mjesečnim primanjima najveći udio čine osobe s mjesečnim primanjima manjima od 100.000 SIT. Tome je vjerojatno razlog socijalni status Slovenaca – naime, šokantnih 52,9% svih ispitanika ima neto mjesečni prihod manji od 100.000 SIT. Dobiveni rezultati pružaju važne informacije o konzumentima sporta u Sloveniji. Budući ili potencijalni sponzori mogu usporediti tu informaciju sa svojim ciljanim tržištem te ustanoviti koliko ti podaci i tržište korespondiraju te na temelju rezultata analize donijeti odluku o sponzoriranju. Informacija je i vrlo moćno oruđe za djelatnike u sportu koji su u potrazi za potencijalnim sponzorima. Primjerice, mogu ponuditi svoj sponzorski proizvod onim tvrtkama kojih je ciljno tržište iste osnovne strukture kao i segment pasivnih potrošača sporta koji sport prate na TV ekranu

Analiza tržista sportskih usluga u sloveniji

This paper presents a study of the sports services market in Slovenia, besides the educational system, based on an analysis of several sources of public data: the income structure of sports organizations involving a sample of 8,092 organizations, the population’s consumption expenditure on sport using a representative sample and the public expenditure on sport according to reports about the realization of the national programme for sport in Slovenia. The research reveals that the total expenditure on sport in Slovenia in the studied year of 2005 amounted to 1.93% of GDP. In the structure of expenditure, the largest share of 85% is taken by private money (corporations, households), whereas public funding (state budgeting, local authorities, lottery money, EU funding) amounts to slightly less than 15%. The overall amount of expenditure was constantly rising until 2005 due to a stronger economic growth in Slovenia. Nevertheless, the amount spent on sport lags behind the increase in the population’s consumption expenditure on the so-called leisure industry, resulting in sport losing the market share within the industry. The average Slovenian household spends 2.88% of the family budget on sport, equalling EUR 496 per year. Two-thirds of these funds are spent on sports products and one-third on sports services. More and more sports services are being offered by the private sector, although the non-governmental sports sector created 70.6% of the total income of sports organizations. Left unchallenged, the weaknesses of the Slovenian sports services market could become a real obstacle to the further successful development of sport; therefore, some countermeasures to improve and form new sports services are presented in the last part of the paper.Ovaj se članak bavi istraživanjem sportskog tržišta usluga u Sloveniji, isključujući sustav edukacije, temeljen na analizama nekoliko izvora javnih podataka: strukturi prihoda sportskih organizacija koje uključuju uzorak od 8092 organizacije te potrošnji građana na sport procijenjenih pomoću reprezentativnog uzorka ispitanika, kao i na javnoj potrošnji na sport prema izvještajima o realizaciji nacionalnih sportskih programa u Sloveniji. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je ukupna potrošnja na sport u Sloveniji tijekom istraživačke 2005. godine bila 1,93% BDP-a. U strukturi potrošnje najveći dio od 85% ukupne potrošnje pokriven je privatnim novcem (tvrtke, kućanstva), dok se javnim novcem (državni proračun, lokalne zajednice, lutrija, fondacije Europske unije) pokriva nešto manje od 15%. Ukupna potrošnja konstantno se povećavala tijekom godina sve do 2005. Zbog sve jačeg ekonomskog rasta u Sloveniji. Ipak, ukupna financijska potrošnja na sport zaostaje za povećanjem u potrošnji građana na takozvanu industriju slobodnog vremena što je rezultiralo smanjenjem sportskog tržišta unutar cjelokupne industrije. Prosječno slovensko kućanstvo troši 2,88% obiteljskog budžeta na sport, što iznosi 496 eura godišnje. Dvije trećine tih fondova troši se na sportske proizvode, a jedna trećina na sportske usluge. Sve više i više sportskih usluga nudi se u okvirima privatnog sektora, iako nevladini sportski sektor tvori 70,6% ukupnih primanja sportskih organizacija. Ukoliko se nešto ne promijeni, slabosti slovenskog tržišta sportskim uslugama mogle bi postati ozbiljna prepreka daljnjem uspješnom razvoju sporta. Stoga su u posljednjem dijelu članka predstavljene neke protumjere za unapređenje i formiranje novih sportskih usluga

STATISTICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SLOVENIAN SPORTS-ACTIVE TOURISTS AND SLOVENIAN TOURISTS WITH OTHER MOTIVES OF TRAVELLING

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je istražiti navike sportskih turista iz Slovenije, gdje se sportski turizam smatra novom prilikom za razvoj slovenskog turizma. Nadalje, analizirane su razlike između sportskih turista i ostalih turista na temelju službenih podataka Statističkog ureda Republike Slovenije za razdoblje od 2000. do 2004. godine; podaci su analizirani metodom hi-kvadrata. Rezultati usporedbe sportskih turista i turista koji putuju zbog drugih razloga otkrili su sociodemografske razlike i neke razlike u ponašanju na putovanju. Utvrđeno je da sportski turisti biraju različite vrste prijevoznih sredstava i troše više novca na sportske aktivnosti a manje na smještaj te da postoji veće zanimanje za zimske sportove. Ovi rezultati imaju važne implikacije kako za istraživače, tako i za turizam i marketing.The purpose of the present study was to examine habits of sports-active tourists from Slovenia where the sports tourism is seen as a new window of opportunity for the development of Slovenian tourism. Furthermore, the differences between sports-active tourists and other types of tourists were analysed on the basis of official data acquired from a Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia from 2000 to 2004; the data were analysed using a chi-square method. The results revealed socio-demographic differences and some differences in travel behaviour between sports-active tourists and tourists with other travelling motives. It was found that sports-active tourists choose different types of transportation, they spend more money on sports activities and less on accommodation and there is greater interest in winter sports. These findings have important implications for both academics and even more for those involved in the tourism industry and marketing

Financijska taksonomija nevladinih sportskih organizacija

The purpose of this study was to examine the classification of non-governmental sports organisations (sports NGOs) based on their financial data. Empirical taxonomy with Ward’s hierarchical clustering technique based on the variables acquired from financial statements of all 6,130 sports NGOs in Slovenia was used to cluster organisations into three financial design types: grassroots sports organisations, semi-professional sports NGOs, and professional sports NGOs. Clusters varied in magnitude and structure of Financial items. The findings suggest that the business of grassroots sports organisations is very simple, while with semi-professional and professional sports NGOs it is more complex, and consequently such organisations are confronted with cash flow and even solvency problems. Total average revenues of grassroots sports organisations (€6,304) are approximately one tenth the size of the semi-professional sports NGOs and 192 times smaller than professional sports NGOs. As for the structure of revenues, professional sports NGOs have a larger proportion of sales revenues and much lower membership fees, donations, and other revenues. Semiprofessional sports NGOs differ from grassroots sport in a slightly higher proportion of sales revenues and donations. As regards the structure of expenses, professional sports NGOs had a 5.6 times higher proportion of labour costs in comparison with grassroots sports and 1.4 times higher compared to semi-professional sports NGOs. Such a taxonomy could present an appropriate basis for investigating the true dimension of the impact of global economic crisis on sports NGOs in a small European sports economy.Cilj je ovog rada bio klasificirati nevladine sportske organizacije prema njihovim financijskim podacima. Empirijska taksonomija, provedena Wardovom hijerarhijskom klasterskom tehnikom na varijablama dobivenim iz financijskih izvješća svih 6.130 nevladnih sportskih organizacija u Sloveniji, korištena je za klasterizaciju organizacija prema tri tipa financijskog dizajna: osnovne sportske organizacije, poluprofesionalne nevladine sportske organizacije i profesionalne sportske nevladine organizacije. Klasteri su varirali u veličini i strukturi financijskih stavki. Rezultati sugeriraju da su poslovi osnovnih sportskih organizacija vrlo jednostavni, dok su kompleksniji u poluprofesionalnim i profesionalnim sportskim nevladinim organizacijama, pa su te organizacije suočene s problemima dotoka novca te čak i solventnosti. Ukupni prosječni prihodi osnovnih sportskih organizacija (6.304€) iznose otprilike jednu desetinu prihoda poluprofesionalnih nevladnih sportskih organizacija, odnosno oni su 192 puta manji od prihoda profesionalnih sportskih nevladnih organizacija. Kad je u pitanju struktura prihoda, profesionalne sportske nevladine organizacije imaju veću proporciju prihoda od prodaje te značajno manje prihode od članarina, donacija i ostalih kategorija prihoda. Polu-profesionalne sportske nevladine organizacije razlikuju se od osnovnih sportskih organizacija po neznatno većoj proporciji prihoda od prodaje i donacija. Kada je u pitanju struktura troškova, profesionalne sportske nevladine organizacije su imale 5,6 puta veći udio troškova rada u usporedbi s osnovnim sportskim organizacijama te 1,4 puta veći udio u usporedbi s poluprofesionalnim sportskim organizacijama. Takva taksonomiija može predstavljati odgovarajuću osnovu za istraživanje stvarnih dimenzija utjecaja globalne ekonomske krize na sportske nevladine organizacije u malim europskim sportskim ekonomijama

The Role of Eye Gaze in Security and Privacy Applications: Survey and Future HCI Research Directions

For the past 20 years, researchers have investigated the use of eye tracking in security applications. We present a holistic view on gaze-based security applications. In particular, we canvassed the literature and classify the utility of gaze in security applications into a) authentication, b) privacy protection, and c) gaze monitoring during security critical tasks. This allows us to chart several research directions, most importantly 1) conducting field studies of implicit and explicit gaze-based authentication due to recent advances in eye tracking, 2) research on gaze-based privacy protection and gaze monitoring in security critical tasks which are under-investigated yet very promising areas, and 3) understanding the privacy implications of pervasive eye tracking. We discuss the most promising opportunities and most pressing challenges of eye tracking for security that will shape research in gaze-based security applications for the next decade

Leadership in non governmental sports organisations in Slovenia [Vůdcovská role v nevládních sportovních organizacích ve Slovinsku]

BACKGROUND: Voluntary work represents 13.5% of the economic strength of Slovenian extra curricular sport (Jurak & Bednarik, 2006). Therefore, managing such a significant source is an important task of Slovenian sports management. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to discover the existing characteristics of the leadership of voluntary workers in Slovenian non governmental sports organisations. METHODS: Research was carried out on a stratified sample of 190 leaders of non governmental sports organisations, who work in different segments of Slovenian sport. A questionnaire on styles of leadership, based on the Hersey-Blanchard situation model of leadership, was used in order to measure different styles of leadership. RESULTS: The study revealed that the leaders in sports organisations most often use the selling style of leadership (42% of cases), then the participating style (37%), whereas the telling style (12%) and delegating style (9%) are used rarely. Leaders adjust the style of leadership to individual circumstances; however, they do not use suitable style of leading for the level of follower readiness and circumstances. The style of leadership does not have a direct impact on the measured indicators of the success of sports organisations. The findings lead to the conclusion that the leadership of Slovenian non governmental sports organisations is generally blind to the importance of leadership in this context. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the above average results of the entire range of Slovenian sport, it can be assumed that the voluntary work in sports organisations represents one of the competitive advantages in our society. Thus, particular attention has to be paid to its developmental possibilities. The findings of the study lead to the suggestion of the foundation of a national strategy of voluntary work in sport.[V&Yacute;CHODISKA: Dobrovoln&aacute; pr&aacute;ce představuje 13,5 % ekonomick&eacute; s&iacute;ly slovinsk&yacute;ch mimo&scaron;koln&iacute;ch sportovn&iacute;ch aktivit (Jurak &amp; Bednarik, 2006). Ř&iacute;zen&iacute; tak v&yacute;znamn&eacute;ho zdroje je proto v&yacute;znamn&yacute;m &uacute;kolem veden&iacute; slovinsk&eacute;ho sportu. C&Iacute;LE: &Uacute;čelem t&eacute;to studie bylo odhalit st&aacute;vaj&iacute;c&iacute; charakteristiky vůdcovsk&eacute; role dobrovoln&iacute;ků ve slovinsk&yacute;ch nevl&aacute;dn&iacute;ch sportovn&iacute;ch organizac&iacute;ch. METODIKA: V&yacute;zkum se prov&aacute;děl na stratifikovan&eacute;m vzorku 190 vedouc&iacute;ch nevl&aacute;dn&iacute;ch sportovn&iacute;ch organizac&iacute;, kteř&iacute; pracuj&iacute; v různ&yacute;ch segmentech slovinsk&eacute;ho sportu. Měřen&iacute; různ&yacute;ch stylů veden&iacute; bylo provedeno za pomoci dotazn&iacute;ku o způsobech veden&iacute;, zpracovan&eacute;ho na z&aacute;kladě situačn&iacute;ho modelu veden&iacute; Herseyho a Blancharda. V&Yacute;SLEDKY: Studie odhalila, že vedouc&iacute; sportovn&iacute;ch organizac&iacute; nejčastěji využ&iacute;vaj&iacute; koučov&aacute;n&iacute; (selling &ndash; 42 % př&iacute;padů) a podporov&aacute;n&iacute; (participating &ndash; 37 %), zat&iacute;mco přikazov&aacute;n&iacute; (telling &ndash; 12 %) a delegov&aacute;n&iacute; (delegating &ndash; 9 %) se použ&iacute;v&aacute; mnohem m&eacute;ně. Vedouc&iacute; přizpůsobuj&iacute; styl veden&iacute; aktu&aacute;ln&iacute;m okolnostem; ov&scaron;em nepouž&iacute;vaj&iacute; vhodn&yacute; styl veden&iacute; vzhledem k &uacute;rovni připravenosti sv&yacute;ch svěřenců a okolnost&iacute;. Styl veden&iacute; nem&aacute; př&iacute;m&yacute; dopad na měřen&eacute; indik&aacute;tory &uacute;spě&scaron;nosti sportovn&iacute;ch organizac&iacute;. Zji&scaron;těn&iacute; vedou k z&aacute;věru, že vedouc&iacute; slovinsk&yacute;ch nevl&aacute;dn&iacute;ch sportovn&iacute;ch organizac&iacute; obecně přehl&iacute;žej&iacute; v&yacute;znam vůdcovstv&iacute; v tomto kontextu. Z&Aacute;VĚRY: Vzhledem k v&yacute;&scaron;e uveden&yacute;m průměrn&yacute;m v&yacute;sledkům slovinsk&eacute;ho sportu lze vyvozovat, že dobrovoln&aacute; pr&aacute;ce ve sportovn&iacute;ch organizac&iacute;ch představuje jednu z konkurenčn&iacute;ch v&yacute;hod v na&scaron;&iacute; společnosti. Je proto nezbytn&eacute; věnovat zvl&aacute;&scaron;tn&iacute; pozornost jej&iacute;mu rozvojov&eacute;mu potenci&aacute;lu. Zji&scaron;těn&iacute; studie vedou k z&aacute;věru, že by bylo vhodn&eacute; ustavit n&aacute;rodn&iacute; strategii dobrovoln&eacute; pr&aacute;ce ve sportu.