16,985 research outputs found
Flashing LEDs for microalgal production
Flashing lights are next-generation tools to mitigate light attenuation and increase the photosynthetic efficiency of microalgal cultivation systems illuminated by light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Optimal flashing light conditions depend on the reaction kinetics and properties of the linear electron transfer chain, energy dissipation, and storage mechanisms of a phototroph. In particular, extremely short and intense light flashes potentially mitigate light attenuation in photobioreactors without impairing photosynthesis. Intelligently controlling flashing light units and selecting electronic components can maximize light emission and energy efficiency. We discuss the biological, physical, and technical properties of flashing lights for algal production. We combine recent findings about photosynthetic pathways, self-shading in photobioreactors, and developments in solid-state technology towards the biotechnological application of LEDs to microalgal production.Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) [CCMAR/Multi/04326/2013]Nord UniversityNordland County Government (project Bioteknologi en framtidsrettet naering)INTERREG V-A Espana-Portugal project [0055 ALGARED + 5E]Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology [SFRH/BD/105541/2014, SFRH/BD/115325/2016]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Black Holes or Firewalls: A Theory of Horizons
We present a quantum theory of black hole (and other) horizons, in which the
standard assumptions of complementarity are preserved without contradicting
information theoretic considerations. After the scrambling time, the quantum
mechanical structure of a black hole becomes that of an eternal black hole at
the microscopic level. In particular, the stretched horizon degrees of freedom
and the states entangled with them can be mapped into the near-horizon modes in
the two exterior regions of an eternal black hole, whose mass is taken to be
that of the evolving black hole at each moment. Salient features arising from
this picture include: (i) the number of degrees of freedom needed to describe a
black hole is e^{A/2 l_P^2}, where A is the area of the horizon; (ii) black
hole states having smooth horizons span only an e^{A/4 l_P^2}-dimensional
subspace of the relevant e^{A/2 l_P^2}-dimensional Hilbert space; (iii)
internal dynamics of the horizon is such that an infalling observer finds a
smooth horizon with probability 1 if a state stays in this subspace. We
identify the structure of local operators in the exterior and interior
spacetime regions, and show that this structure avoids firewall arguments---the
horizon can keep being smooth throughout the evolution. We discuss the fate of
falling observers under various circumstances, especially when they manipulate
degrees of freedom before entering the horizon, and find that an observer can
never see a firewall by making a measurement on early Hawking radiation. We
also consider the framework in an infalling reference frame, and argue that
Minkowski-like vacua are not unique. In particular, the number of true
Minkowski vacua is infinite, although the label discriminating these vacua
cannot be accessed in usual non-gravitational quantum field theory. An
application to de Sitter horizons is also discussed.Comment: 24 pages, 1 figure; minor revision
Low Energy Description of Quantum Gravity and Complementarity
We consider a framework in which low energy dynamics of quantum gravity is
described preserving locality, and yet taking into account the effects that are
not captured by the naive global spacetime picture, e.g. those associated with
black hole complementarity. Our framework employs a "special relativistic"
description of gravity; specifically, gravity is treated as a force measured by
the observer tied to the coordinate system associated with a freely falling
local Lorentz frame. We identify, in simple cases, regions of spacetime in
which low energy local descriptions are applicable as viewed from the freely
falling frame; in particular, we identify a surface called the gravitational
observer horizon on which the local proper acceleration measured in the
observer's coordinates becomes the cutoff (string) scale. This allows for
separating between the "low-energy" local physics and "trans-Planckian"
intrinsically quantum gravitational (stringy) physics, and allows for
developing physical pictures of the origins of various effects. We explore the
structure of the Hilbert space in which the proposed scheme is realized in a
simple manner, and classify its elements according to certain horizons they
possess. We also discuss implications of our framework on the firewall problem.
We conjecture that the complementarity picture may persist due to properties of
trans-Planckian physics.Comment: 18 pages, 1 figure; matches published versio
Chemical profiling of infusions and decoctions of Helichrysum italicum subsp picardii by UHPLC-PDA-MS and in vitro biological activities comparatively with green tea (Camellia sinensis) and rooibos tisane (Aspalathus linearis)
Several medicinal plants are currently used by the food industry as functional additives, for example botanical extracts in herbal drinks. Moreover, the scientific community has recently begun focusing on halophytes as sources of functional beverages. Helichrysum italicum subsp. picardii (everlasting) is an aromatic halophyte common in southern Europe frequently used as spice and in traditional medicine. In this context, this work explored for the first time H. italicum subsp. picardii as a potential source of innovative herbal beverages with potential health promoting properties. For that purpose, infusions and decoctions were prepared from roots, vegetative aerial-organs (stems and leaves) and flowers and evaluated for in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. Samples were also assessed for toxicity in different mammalian cell lines and chemically characterized by spectrophotometric methods and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography photo diode array mass-spectrometry (UHPLC-PDA-MS). Results were expressed relating to 'a cup-of-tea' and compared with those obtained with green tea (Camellia sinensis) and rooibos tisane (Aspalathus linearis). Tisanes from the everlasting's above-ground organs, particularly flowers, have high polyphenolic content and several phenolics were identified; the main compounds were chlorogenic and quinic acids, dicaffeoylquinic-acid isomers and gnaphaliin-A. The antioxidant activity of beverages from the everlasting's above-ground organs matched or surpassed that of green tea and rooibos. Its anti-diabetic activity was moderate and toxicity low. Overall, our results suggest that the everlasting is a potential source of innovative and functional herbal beverages. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.national funds through Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) [CCMAR/Multi/04326/2013]FCT [SFRH/BD/94407/2013, SFRH/BD/116604/2016]Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO) [12M8315N]FCT Investigator Programme [IF/00049/2012]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Heterotrophy as a tool to overcome the long and costly autotrophic scale-up process for large scale production of microalgae
Industrial scale-up of microalgal cultures is often a protracted step prone to culture collapse and the occurrence of unwanted contaminants. To solve this problem, a two-stage scale-up process was developed - heterotrophically Chlorella vulgaris cells grown in fermenters (1st stage) were used to directly inoculate an outdoor industrial autotrophic microalgal production unit (2nd stage). A preliminary pilot-scale trial revealed that C. vulgaris cells grown heterotrophically adapted readily to outdoor autotrophic growth conditions (1-m3 photobioreactors) without any measurable difference as compared to conventional autotrophic inocula. Biomass concentration of 174.5 g L-1, the highest value ever reported for this microalga, was achieved in a 5-L fermenter during scale-up using the heterotrophic route. Inocula grown in 0.2- and 5-m3 industrial fermenters with mean productivity of 27.54 ± 5.07 and 31.86 ± 2.87 g L-1 d-1, respectively, were later used to seed several outdoor 100-m3 tubular photobioreactors. Overall, all photobioreactor cultures seeded from the heterotrophic route reached standard protein and chlorophyll contents of 52.18 ± 1.30% of DW and 23.98 ± 1.57 mg g-1 DW, respectively. In addition to providing reproducible, high-quality inocula, this two-stage approach led to a 5-fold and 12-fold decrease in scale-up time and occupancy area used for industrial scale-up, respectively.Agência financiadora
project FERMALG
017608
Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT)
UID/Multi/04326/2019
project FERMALG (AVISO)
32/SI/2015info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
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