Fiber-optic chemical sensing with Langmuir-Blodgett overlay waveguides

Fiber-optic chemical sensing has been demonstrated with a side-polished single- mode optical fiber, evanescently coupled to chemically sensitive Langmuir- Blodgett (LB) overlay waveguides. The sensors exhibit a channel-dropping response centered on a wavelength that is dependent on the thickness and the refractive index of the overlay waveguide. It has been shown that pH-sensitive organic dyes proved to be suitable materials fur the formation of an overlay waveguide whereas LB deposition provides the required thickness control. A theoretical model of the sensor response, based on the Kramers-Kronig relations and phase matching of the guided modes within the optical fiber and overlay waveguide, shows good agreement with experimental results

The Li Overabundance of J37: Diffusion or Accretion?

In September 2002 the discovery of a super Li-rich F-dwarf (J37) in NGC 6633, an iron poor analogue of the better studied Hyades and Praecepe open clusters, was announced. This unique star was thought to be the smoking gun for the action of diffusion, models of which predict a narrow "Li-peak" at approximately the correct temperature. However, with more detailed studies into J37s abundance pattern this star provides firm evidence for the accretion of planetesimals or other material from the circumstellar environment of new born stars. Thanks to the specific predictions made about the behaviour of Be abundances, (the most striking of which being no Be in super-Li-rich dwarfs subject to diffusion) the opposing diffusion/accretion predictions can be tested. Initial modelling of the Be line indicates that J37 is as Be rich as it is Li rich; log N(Be) = 2.25 +/- 0.25, and so is broadly consistent with an accretion-fuelled enhancement. However, that both Li and Be are enhanced by much more than the iron-peak elements (as determined in previous studies) suggests that diffusion also plays a role in increasing the abundances of Li and Be specifically. Furthermore, a new data set from the UVES/UT2 combination has allowed the elemental abundance of Iron to be measured, and the set of preliminary stellar parameters determined; Teff ~ 7340 K, log g ~ 4.1, microturbulence ~ 4.3 km/s, [Fe/H] ~ 0.50. This again provides distinct evidence for the effects of accretion in J37 and requires a new synthesis of the Be doublet.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures. Poster presented at IAU Symposium 224 "The A Star Puzzle", 7-13 July 2004, Poprad, Slovaki

Beryllium Enhancement as Evidence for Accretion in a Lithium-Rich F Dwarf

The early F dwarf star ``J37'' in the open cluster NGC6633 shows an unusual pattern of photospheric abundances, including an order of magnitude enhancement of lithium and iron-peak elements, but an under-abundance of carbon. As a consequence of its thin convection zone these anomalies have been attributed to either radiative diffusion or the accretion of hydrogen-depleted material. By comparing high resolution VLT/UVES spectra of J37 (and other F stars in NGC 6633) with syntheses of the Be ii doublet region at 3131 Ang, we establish that J37 also has a Be abundance (A(Be)=3.0+/-0.5) that is at least ten times the cosmic value. This contradicts radiative diffusion models that produce a Li over-abundance, as they also predict photospheric Be depletion. Instead, since Be is a highly refractory element, it supports the notion that J37 is the first clear example of a star that has accreted volatile-depleted material with a composition similar to chondritic meteorites, although some diffusion may be necessary to explain the low C and O abundances.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS letters, 5 page

Carbon Deficiency in Externally-Polluted White Dwarfs: Evidence for Accretion of Asteroids

Existing determinations show that n(C)/n(Fe) is more than a factor of 10 below solar in the atmospheres of three white dwarfs that appear to be externally-polluted. These results are not easily explained if the stars have accreted interstellar matter, and we re-interpret these measurements as evidence that these stars have accreted asteroids of a chrondritic composition.Comment: 23 pages, 6 figures, accepted for Ap

Waist-to-Height Ratio Is More Predictive of Years of Life Lost than Body Mass Index

Objective: Our aim was to compare the effect of central obesity (measured by waist-to-height ratio, WHtR) and total obesity (measured by body mass index, BMI) on life expectancy expressed as years of life lost (YLL), using data on British adults. Methods: A Cox proportional hazards model was applied to data from the prospective Health and Lifestyle Survey (HALS) and the cross sectional Health Survey for England (HSE). The number of years of life lost (YLL) at three ages (30, 50, 70 years) was found by comparing the life expectancies of obese lives with those of lives at optimum levels of BMI and WHtR. Results: Mortality risk associated with BMI in the British HALS survey was similar to that found in US studies. However, WHtR was a better predictor of mortality risk. For the first time, YLL have been quantified for different values of WHtR. This has been done for both sexes separately and for three representative ages. Conclusion: This study supports the simple message ‘‘Keep your waist circumference to less than half your height’’. The use of WHtR in public health screening, with appropriate action, could help add years to life

Alignment and rectifying properties of donor-electron bridge-acceptor molecules

Molecular electronics based on the bottom-up approach appears to be a promising alternative to overcome the limitations of the top-down lithographic fabrication of electronic devices. The ability to manipulate single or small groups of molecules provides a great opportunity to build electronic devices at the molecular level. However, before any device can be constructed, it is vital to understand the parameters that control the device properties such as: molecular structure, conformation and arrangement at the surface, the molecule-substrate and molecule-electrode interactions. This thesis presents an investigation of the alignment of acceptor-electron bridge-donor structures and describes how the molecular structure and arrangement affect rectifying properties of the monolayers. Studies included typical Langmuir-Blodgett (LB), chevron-shaped, and ionically coupled structures that were characterised using various techniques, such as Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM), Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) and Scanning Tunnelling Spectroscopy (STS). The results obtained showed that to achieve high rectification the molecules must form ordered and stable monolayers that are able to withstand the electric field applied to the junction. It was also shown that due to the disordered monolayer formation and presence of certain ions, it was extremely difficult to state without doubt whether the rectification was a result of the donor-electron bridge-acceptor structure proposed by Aviram and Ratner1. Studies of chevron-shaped molecules confirmed the possibility of depositing them using the LB technique. However, the reduction of long aliphatic chains was very likely balanced by the formation of less ordered or unstable monolayers. The highest rectification ratio of 30 ± 3 at ± 1 V was obtained for 1-butyl-2,6-bis-[2-(4- dibutylamino-phenyl)-vinyl]-pyridinium iodide (dye 7) and the origin of the I-V asymmetry was attributed to back electron transfer from iodide to pyridinium ring. Although dye 1-butyl-2,6-bis-(2-{4-[2-(4-dibutylamino-phenyl)-ethyl]-phenyl}-vinyl)- pyridinium iodide (dye 9) showed electrical asymmetry (RR=16 at plus/minus 1 V) shortly after deposition onto the gold-coated highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), it seemed to form an unstable alignment and as a consequence the rectification decayed over a period of a few hours. Improved ordering, stability, and rectification were achieved from ionically coupled structures, where the monolayers were formed using chemisorption and ionic assembly instead of physisorption.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Vaccine Hesitancy and Support for Employer Vaccine Mandates

This study investigated COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and support for employer vaccine mandates and support for termination for non-vaccinated employees among a national sample in New Zealand. A total of 1852 individuals participated in the study. Results indicated participants who are able to get vaccinated are less likely to support employer mandated vaccinations and the rights of employers to terminate employees who refuse to get vaccinated. However, individuals who self-identify that they can get vaccinated and have higher confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine are more likely to get vaccinated. Age and confidence in the vaccine influence support for mandates, while age and political affiliation influenced support for employer right to terminate a non-vaccinated employee. Understanding support, or lack thereof, for such initiatives is essential as businesses and nations respond to growing COVID concerns.fals

Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Gene Polymorphism Associations with Growth, Body Composition, Skeleton Integrity, and Metabolic Traits

Molecular genetic selection on individual genes is a promising method to genetically improve economically important traits in chickens. A resource population was developed to study the genetics of growth, body composition, skeletal integrity, and metabolism traits. Broiler sires were crossed to dams of 2 diverse, highly inbred lines (Leghorn and Fayoumi), and the F1 birds were intermated by dam line to produce broiler-Leghorn and broiler-Fayoumi F2 offspring. Growth, body composition, skeletal integrity, and hormonal and metabolic factors were measured in 713 F2 individuals. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF1) was selected for study as a biological and positional candidate gene. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was identified between the founder lines in the IGF1 promoter region, and a PCR-RFLP assay was developed. A mixed model was used to statistically analyze associations of IGF1-SNP1 with phenotypic traits. The IGF1-SNP1 had significant associations with most recorded traits, except metabolic traits. Strong interactions between the IGF1 gene and genetic background on growth traits in the 2 F2 populations suggest that genetic interaction is an important aspect for consideration before using the IGF1-SNP1 in marker-assisted selection programs. Several beneficial effects (improved growth, increased breast muscle weight, decreased abdominal fat, and enhanced skeletal integrity) associated with 1 allele indicate the presence of 1 or more loci near IGF1-SNP1 controlling biologically diverse and economically important traits in chickens