56 research outputs found
Saliva application in oral and systemic diseases
Saliva is a noninvasive and accessible biofluid that permits early detection of oral and systemic diseases. Changes in saliva reflect the alterations in the blood and thus making saliva a suitable diagnostic tool. The use of saliva has many advantages, including simple and non-invasive sampling and easy, low-cost storage.Today salivary diagnostics is a promising tool for diagnostic processes and clinical monitoring. Saliva is used to detect illicit drugs, alcohol, to measure hormone levels, and in the diagnosis of wide range systemic diseases such as cardiovascular, infectious, renal, endocrine diseases, some types of cancer as well as nonsystemic oral diseases.The current review presents a critical overview of saliva as a promising tool for the development of valuable salivary biomarkers, their relevance to the prognosis, diagnosis and management of systemic and oral diseases. Development of point-of-care testing based on saliva samples as a screening tool will also support the diagnostic process in near future
Radiological impact of surface water and sediment near uranium mining sites
The aim of this study is to assess the radiological impact of surface water and
sediment around uranium mining sites 20 years after their closing. The areas
under observations are 31 former classical underground uranium mining and
exploratory sites in Bulgaria, named as objects. The extraction and processing
of uranium ores in the Republic of Bulgaria were ended in 1992. To assess
the radiological impact of radionuclides field expeditions were performed to
sample water and bottom sediment. The migration of uranium through surface
water was examined as one of the major pathways for contamination spread.
The range of uranium concentration in water flowing from the mining sites
was from 0.012 to 6.8 mgU l
β1
with a geometric mean of 0.192 mgU l
.
The uranium concentrations in water downstream the mining sites were
approximately 3 times higher than the background value (upstream). The
concentrations of U
nat
,
226
Ra,
210
Pb, and
232
Th in the sediment of downstream
river were higher than those upstream by 3.4, 2.6, 2, and 1.7 times, respectively.
The distribution coefficient of uranium reflects its high mobility in most of the
sites. In order to evaluate the impact on people as well as site prioritization for
more detailed assessment and water management, screening dose assessments
were done
Radiotherapy. stages of planning of the radiotherapy process. TNM classification
Π Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π΄Π½Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°Ρ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ ΠΉΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ - ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ. Π€ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π³Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (Π₯-Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅), a ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ - Π±Π΅ΡΠ°-Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΈ-ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΉΠΎΠ½ΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π³Π°ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ° Π±ΡΡ
Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΡΠ»Π³Π°ΡΠΈΡ. Π‘ Π²ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΉ-ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π₯-Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ. Π Π΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ.ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½, ΡΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠ° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΏΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π² Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ. TNM ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π° Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.ΠΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π° ΡΡΠΈΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π΅, ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Ρ Π΄Π΅Π±Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΏΠΎ-Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° ΠΎΡ 0,5 ΡΠΌ. ΠΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π½ΠΈ Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π΅Π½ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π», ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»Π°Π³Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ-Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ» ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½.ΠΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π° Ρ ΠΏΡΠ»Π΅Π½ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡ Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄Π°Π²Π° Π²ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π° Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°Ρ: Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ.In modern radiotherapy two main groups of ionizing radiation are used - photons and charged particles. The photons consist of orthovoltage x-rays, gamma rays and high-energy x-rays, and the particles are beta-rays, accelerated electrons, protons, pi mesons and heavy ions. Until recently orthovoltage and telegamatherapy have been the main types of radiotherapy in Bulgaria. Now with the installation of linear accelerators, x-rays, and accelerated electrons are most commonly used. Orthovoltage radiotherapy is used for small skin lesions.The planning process of radiotherapy is difficult and contains many steps and high-risk activities as it includes the use of many sources of information and the collaboration of different specialists participating in the radiotherapy process. TNM classification is used to define the indication for radiotherapy. Three-dimensional planning is applied to all patients that are treated at a linear accelerator. The main issue here is that the target volume and the critical organs are defined as a series of consecutive CT scans with thickness of less than 0.5 cm. Thus, the accuracy and the quality of the planned radiotherapy are significantly improved. Isocenter irradiation techniqes are used with linear accelerators and this requires marking the isocenter on the patient`s skin or on the immobilization devices.The isocenter is marked during the first irradiation at the treatment machine in the presence of a physician and a physicist-dosimetrist who has developed the individual plan.If a single radiotherapy department is equiped with the full set of radiotherapy machines, this will provide adequate and modern irradiation of all malignant tumors and benign conditions requiring radiotherapy. The oncology information system stores the demographic data of the patient, the clinical information about the disease and treatment methods, the treatment as well as detailed information about the radiotherapy course . The information is archived and allows the checking of the number of performed fractions, the irradiated volumes as well as the performing of a statistical analysis of multiple data related to the entire radiotherapy process
Ethical and regulatory aspects of clinical trials in paediatric population in the Republic of Macedonia
Clinical trials in children should be carried out to provide adequate protection whilst recognising the right to benefit from research. Their vulnerability emphasizes the responsibility to ensure parental permission and assent of able children, assurance of direct benefit for the child with the particular condition, minimization of risk, and scientific necessity of the research. Although there may be ethical concerns about conducting paediatric trials, this has to be balanced by the ethical concerns about giving medicines to a population in which they have not been tested. Specific clinical trials in paediatric populations are required due to age-related differences in the drug handling or drug effects which may lead to different formulation or dose requirements to achieve efficacy or to avoid adverse effects
Kidney stone disease (Nephrolithiasis) - Pathogenesis, types of imaging diagnostic methods in contemporary medicine
Π ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π·Π° Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 12% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ 6% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ-Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π³Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°. Π§Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Ρ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΠ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³Π»ΠΎ. Π‘ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΌΡΠΆΠ΅ / ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π΅ 1,3:1. Π§Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π° Π²ΡΠ² Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° Π½Π°Π΄ 20 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, a ΠΏΠΈΠΊΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠ° Π΅ Π²ΡΠ² Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ 40-60 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, a ΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ (Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΠΎ-ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ΅Π² ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ), ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½, Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π² ΡΡΠ°Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠΊ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π·Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ.ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π°Ρ Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ-ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°. Π’ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π° Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ Π±ΠΈΡ
Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π»Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡ (ΠΠ£Π) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠ΅Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎ; ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ - ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ² Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ° Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°.ΠΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠ½Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎ-Π·Π°Π΄ΡΠ»Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ - Π·Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ-Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³, ΠΊΠΎΠΉΡΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π΅.The risk of nephrolithiasis in developed countries is roughly 12% in men and 6% in women. Caucasians are more likely to form kidney stones than black people. The frequency of this pathology increases proportionally to the rising frequency of type II diabetes mellitus and obesity. The ratio of male to female sufferers is 1.3:1. The disease is mostly observed in individuals over the age of 20, while the pique is between 40 and 60 years. Nephrolithiasis is more commonly known as kidney stone disease and develops primarily in genetically predisposed patients, patients with metabolic disorders, and multiple comorbidities. Most stones are made up of calcium oxalate and uric acid, struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate), cystine, ammonium urate. Recently there has been an increase in medicamentation-induced nephrolithiasis, observed in immobilized patients.The imaging diagnostics begins with abdominal ultrasonography - it can find a large percentage of all calculi, as well as parenchymal processes which could simulate a renal colic. Plain abdominal radiographs can demonstrate calcium-containing stones, and usually precedes venous urograms and other exams. Venous urograms provide insight into a calculus position, as well as regarding renal function. It is, however, associated with potential nephrotoxicity. Computed tomography can natively (without contrast material) demonstrate virtually all stones in every part of the excretory system.There are several conditions which mimic the symptoms of kidney stone disease, and must therefore be exlcuded along the diagnostic pathway. Currently, advanced understanding of the reasons and mechanisms of calculus formation have contributed to more effective diagnostic and treatment methods. Periodic consultations and ultrasonographies with a nephrologist or urologist are advisable
Imaging diagnostic methods for colorectal cancer in contemporary medicine. Types and prevention
INTRODUCTION: Colon cancer (colorectal carcinoma) is a malignant tumor, stemming from the wall of the colon. It is the second most common carcinoma in men (after pulmonary and before stomach cancers) and the third most common in women (after breast and uterine carcinomas). Its frequency has been increasing steadily in the last years. It most often affects people past 50 years of age, but about 20% of cases occur before that point. Histologically, 80% of cases are of adenocarcinoma and about 20% - mucinous. Carcinomas generally develop on the basis of adenomas.AIM: To examine the types, the prevention and the imaging diagnostic methods for the cancer of the large intestine and of the colon of modern medicine.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research applies statistical methods. The data was processed through statistical and graphical analyses.RESULTS: Screening methods applied with success are as follows: rectoromanoscopy, fibrocolonoscopy, irigography, computed tomographic colonography, magnetic resonance tomography. The most frequently used two are irigography with a barium enema and fibrocolonoscopy. The former allows for a thorough radiological topographical analysis of the whole colon, while the latter allows for direct mucosal visualization and biopsy (both cytological and histological) without radiation by means of a flexible metallic tube inserted retrogradely. Fibrocolonoscopy enables minor minimally invasive surgery such as polyp and small tumor removal. Rectoromanoscopy is a dated method, solely with historical significance. The latest imaging diagnostic methods are the tomographic ones - computed tomography, computed tomography virtual colonoscopy, and magnetic resonance tomography. They are highly informative for all diseases of the colon, contributing considerably to tumor staging, and to preoperative assessment.CONCLUSIONS: Screening programs, timely consultations with specialists and the increasing availability of imaging diagnostic equipment lead to a marked tendency of decreasing colorectal carcinoma mortality in Bulgaria
The effect of X-ray radiation on the human body - pros and cons. Radiation protection in medical imaging and radiotherapy
INTRODUCTION: The discovery of X-rays in November 1895 by Roentgen opened a new chapter in the scientifΒic development and pretty soon it became clear that these rays can be useful for diagnostics and treatment. The most frequent use of X-rays is related to their ability to pass through matter. The main fields of application of the rays are medicine, industry, checks of goods and packages and scientific studies. Modern medicine constiΒtutes approximately 80% of the overexposure. The contribution of diagnostic radiology is approximately 22% of the total exposure of Bulgarian population. The quality of the medical services depends to a great extent on the accurate and timely diagnoses set through different methods using also ionizing radiation. The exposure of the patient should be reasonably justified and optimized but cannot be limited. The risk of exposure to high doses of radiation is justified only if this is appropriate for the diagnosis or the treatment. Each overexposure, including medical irradiation, is related to certain radiation risk. Radiation protection is a means to apply the measures intended to protect the health from ionizing radiation-related risks. It is essential to know the beneΒfits and risks of the medical procedures.AIM: To investigate radiation protection means, and the benefits and risks of medical procedures.MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analysis of literature sources was conducted.RESULTS: The medical control of the radiation protection divides exposure into three categories: professional exposure, medical exposure and exposure of the population. Irradiation by any source should be conducted by optimizing the protection and the safety, maintaining the size of the individual dose, the number of exposed persons and the exposure at levels as low as reasonably achievable considering the social and economic factors. This is the so-called optimization of the protection
Gallstone disease (Cholelithiasis) - pathogenesis, prevention and contemporary methods of imaging diagnostics
INTRODUCTION: Cholelithiasis is a metabolic disorder, leading to stone formation in the bile ducts and gallΒbladder. The stones are classified by their composition as cholesterol, pigment, and mixed. The condition is more frequent in overweight individuals, with a stationary way of life, diabetics, and women on oral contracepΒtives. There is a female predilection with a 3.5:1 ratio. The disease has several forms. The latent one is devoid of complaints - stones are an incidental finding. The acute form manifests with right upper quadrant pain. BiliΒary colic is typical - it comes in fits of right subcostal pain, nausea, and frequently - vomiting. Complications are frequent - gallbladder and bile duct inflammation, biliary obstruction, gallbladder perforation, and biliΒary peritonitis.AIM: To analyze the pathogenesis, the prevention and the modern medical imaging methods related to the gallstones disease.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research applied statistical methods. The data was processed through staΒtistical and graphical analysis.RESULTS: Accurate diagnosis requires a compound approach. Anamnesis of biliary colic initiates it. AbdomiΒnal ultrasonography is the fastest and most accessible imaging method for finding gallstones. It can also presΒent the gallbladder itself - whether it is enlarged, inflamed, or folded. Additional methods include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and some hybrid techniques. If the data of cholelithiΒasis is ambiguous, the latter can be confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) - an endoscope is introduced to the level of the papilla of Vater, and contrast is injected into it. The biliary pathΒways also used to be imaged by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, which now is a dated technique.CONCLUSIONS: Prophylaxis includes avoiding risk factors of alimentary nature and undergoing periodic conΒtrol ultrasonographies, especially in individuals with a family history of gallstones. This is crucial, as chroni
MEASUREMENTS OF RADON CONCENTRATION IN SOIL GAS OF URBAN AREAS, BULGARIA
These work present results of preliminary study of radon concentration in soil gas at 64 locations within 13 urban areas of Bulgaria using AlphaGuard equipment. The measuring period was from 2008 to 2012. The temperature and humidity has been measured as well, including the gamma dose rate. The radon concentration in soil gas was found to be log-normally distributed within the range from 3-97 kBq.m β3 , with arithmetic mean of 26 kBq.m β3 . The influence of the meteorological and geological factors in relation to radon measurements was examined. Correlation between radon in soil gas and gamma dose rate was also present
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