Drought stress affects the protein and dietary fiber content of wholemeal wheat flour in wheat/Aegilops addition lines

Wild relatives of wheat, such as Aegilops spp. are potential sources of genes conferring tolerance to drought stress. As drought stress affects seed composition, the main goal of the present study was to determine the effects of drought stress on the content and composition of the grain storage protein (gliadin (Gli), glutenin (Glu), unextractable polymeric proteins (UPP%) and dietary fiber (arabinoxylan, β-glucan) components of hexaploid bread wheat (T. aestivum) lines containing added chromosomes from Ae. biuncialis or Ae. geniculata. Both Aegilops parents have higher contents of protein and β-glucan and higher proportions of water-soluble arabinoxylans (determined as pentosans) than wheat when grown under both well-watered and drought stress conditions. In general, drought stress resulted in increased contents of protein and total pentosans in the addition lines, while the β-glucan content decreased in many of the addition lines. The differences found between the wheat/Aegilops addition lines and wheat parents under well-watered conditions were also manifested under drought stress conditions: Namely, elevated β-glucan content was found in addition lines containing chromosomes 5Ug, 7Ug and 7Mb, while chromosomes 1Ub and 1Mg affected the proportion of polymeric proteins (determined as Glu/Gli and UPP%, respectively) under both well-watered and drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the addition of chromosome 6Mg decreased the WE-pentosan content under both conditions. The grain composition of the Aegilops accessions was more stable under drought stress than that of wheat, and wheat lines with the added Aegilops chromosomes 2Mg and 5Mg also had more stable grain protein and pentosan contents. The negative effects of drought stress on both the physical and compositional properties of wheat were also reduced by the addition of these. These results suggest that the stability of the grain composition could be improved under drought stress conditions by the intraspecific hybridization of wheat with its wild relatives

Penggunaan Pendekatan Kuis Tim Untuk Meningkatkan Tanggung Jawab Individu Dalam Kelompok Belajar Geografi Siswa Kelas X-8 SMA Negeri 1 Durenan Trenggalek

Self develovment trough active learning by using Quiz Team Approach is centered on thestudent\u27s variety during the activities in turning the dinamic of the student group in learning. It begins fromunderstanding the concept of learning material, making questions to design group activity, deviding the groupwork every, planning the presentation until giving such kind of achievement in the form of score and crownedthe best group for every session. This research is aimed to increase individual responbility in finishing theassigment in a group, dua two self development process.The subject of this research is the students of X-8, 2014/2015 Academic Year. This classroom actionresearch is designed into 2 cycles. Wich every cycle consist of many steps: planning, doing the research,observation, reflexion. The result of action in one cycle is in the form of the student\u27s active, the developmentof self aspect self improvement from the students, is evaluated as the material to design the next action for thenext cycle. The material used as the object of the research is Quiz Team Active Learning model and theimplementation.The research result showed that the applied of active learning model by using Quiz Team Approachbe able to increase individual responsibilty in a group study. This learning model, the researcher meant byusing Quiz Team Approach, got positive response from students by the indicator from the result of “angket”analysis at the end of activity and the increasing of finishing the assignment and “unjuk kerja”. The student\u27sachievement is also become raising in 1st cycle the average score of formative 72,50 and the “ketuntasan” ofthe learning result is 78,57%, meanwhile at the 2nd cycle, its become increasing on the average of formativescore 80,35 and 90,47%

Validation of the EST-derived markers on the negative (Chinese Spring) and positive control lines (Betzes, Chinese Spring-Betzes 5H addition).

<p>Validation of the EST-derived markers on the negative (Chinese Spring) and positive control lines (Betzes, Chinese Spring-Betzes 5H addition).</p

Comparison of genetic linkage and physical maps for the barley 5H chromosome.

<p><b>(A)</b> The distribution of the EST-derived markers over the intact 5H chromosome of the barley genotype Igri is illustrated based on the high-resolution EST map found in Genom Zippers. The marker distance was expressed in centimorgans (cM) from the telomere of 5HS (0 cM) to the telomere of 5HL. (<b>B)</b> In the physical map of barley chromosome 5H the introgressed part of the 5HS chromosome arm and the molecular markers mapped on it are highlighted in red. The missing parts of 5HS and 5HL and the molecular markers specific to these regions are shown in black. The size of the introgressed and missing parts of 5H were expressed as fraction length (FL). The putative centromere position estimated by the cytogenetic landmarks is labeled C.</p

Spike morphology of the wheat cultivars and the wheat-barley translocation lines.

<p>The plants were grown in the Organic Nursery (Tükrös) in Martonvásár, Hungary in the 2015–2016 growing season.</p

GISH and FISH analysis of the introgressed 5H barley chromatin in two genetic backgrounds.

<p><b>(A)</b> GISH was performed on mitotic metaphase cells of the 5HS-7DS.7DL/Mv9kr1/Mv Bodri and (<b>C)</b> 5HS-7Ds.7DL/Mv9kr1 translocation lines. The 5HS barley chromatin was visualized with rhodamine (red). (<b>B)</b> FISH analysis was carried out on metaphase chromosomes in the 5HS-7DS.7DL/Mv9kr1/Mv Bodri and (<b>D)</b> 5HS-7DS.7DL/Mv9kr1 translocation lines. In the FISH images, the 5HS barley segment was analyzed using the HvT01 (red) and pTa71 (green) probes. The wheat chromosomes were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Arrows indicate the 5HS-7DS.7DL introgressed chromosome. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p

Digital capillary electrophoretic pattern of the barley EST-derived markers.

<p>The <i>Hv23495</i>, <i>Hv7502</i>, <i>Hv3949</i> and <i>Hv18916</i> markers specific for barley chromosome 5H were tested on wheat cultivars Mv9kr1 and Mv Bodri, barley cultivar Igri and the introgression lines 5HS-7DS.7DL/Mv9kr1 and 5HS-7DS.7DL/Mv9kr1/Mv Bodri. The plus or minus sign next to the arrow indicates the presence or absence of a barley-specific PCR product in the tested translocation lines. A 35–500 bp DNA ladder was used as a molecular-weight size marker to estimate the fragment size.</p

Representative picture for the determination of cytogenetic landmarks in the barley 5H chromatin.

<p><b>(A)</b> The hybridization signals of GISH and (<b>B)</b> FISH on the introgressed barley chromatin were visualized in the 5HS-7DS.7DL/Mv9Kr1/Mv Bodri genotype. (<b>C)</b> The hybridization signals of FISH on the intact 5H chromosome indicate the physical position of the HvT01, pTa71, (GAA)_n and (AGGGAG)_n repetitive probes in the barley genotype Igri. The positions of the fluorescence signals were expressed as fraction length (FL) on the barley chromatin from the centromere (0 FL) to the telomere (1 FL). The length of the 5HS chromosome arm corresponds to the distance between the telomere and the centromeric repeat (AGGGAG)_n. <b>(B, C)</b> The relative position of the satellite (pTa71 signal) is 0.692 FL, which is characterisitic of both intact and introgressed 5HS. <b>(C)</b> The region between the centromere-specific and pericentric (GAA)_n signals, which is missing from the 5HS-7DS.7DL translocation chromosome, represents the C-0.147 FL interval. <b>(A)</b> The relative position of the translocation breakpoint (TB) is 0.26 FL. The 1–0.26 FL region represents the transferred barley segment, accounting for 74% of the whole chromosome arm.</p

FISH pattern of barley (Igri) chromosomes.

<p>The 5H chromosomes could be identified and measured using repetitive DNA probes: HvT01 (red) in the subtelomeric region, pTa71 (green) in the satellite region, (GAA)_n in the pericentric region (green) and (AGGGAG)_n in the centromere (red). The 5H chromosomes are highlighted by arrows. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p

Analysis of the 5HS-7DS.7DL/Mv9kr1 and 5HS-7DS.7DL/Mv9kr1/Mv Bodri translocations with the negative (Mv9kr1, Mv Bodri) and positive control lines (Igri) using the molecular markers designed in the present study.

<p>Analysis of the 5HS-7DS.7DL/Mv9kr1 and 5HS-7DS.7DL/Mv9kr1/Mv Bodri translocations with the negative (Mv9kr1, Mv Bodri) and positive control lines (Igri) using the molecular markers designed in the present study.</p