Automated Feature Description of Follicle Size in Assisted Reproductive Treatment

In assisted reproductive treatment, monitoring of follicular size using serial ultrasound is essential to access ovarian response. Traditional method requires doctors to measure the follicle size manually which will lead to inaccurate findings. As for more consistent and reliable parameter of follicular growth, an automated feature description may offer better accuracy in estimating to the response. In this study, by using two-dimensional ultrasound to acquire data from the ovaries, the ultrasound result will indicate the feature description automatically without manual calculation. This automated feature description is developed based on image processing technique using canny edge-detection method in MATLAB. It provides the analysis of the features based on area, perimeter, compactness, major and minor axis and centroid dataset to identify the follicle siz

単一もしくは混合フォーマット光ネットワークのための光ファイバの四光波混合を用いた光信号処理

As data rates in broadband optical networks continue to grow, all optical signal processing technologies are expected to become important for future high bit-rate communication systems to address the growing demand for network flexibility, low cost and high bandwidth. Along the line of the capacity increased, many new modulation formats have been introduced. The most straightforward format is on-off-keying (OOK) modulation format. The state of art reveals that the differential phase-shift keying (DPSK)modulation format is the best candidate for high-speed long haul network segment, while OOK is suitable for short reach network segment. However, the next generation transmission systems will more likely employ mixed modulation formats. Thus, the shift towards these changes to be applied in many applications is necessary. Hence, it is worth investigating several signal processing, not only by using a single modulation format but also mixed modulation formats. In order to realize such systems, the scheme requirement must be transparent to modulation format and bit-rate. One of the promising candidates is based on the third-order nonlinear susceptibility x(3) in a nonlinear fiber, which is also called four-wave mixing (FWM). Fiber-based FWM, in a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) is a preferable choice due to its fast nonlinear response and high conversion efficiency. FWM technique can be also be used as an all-optical AND logic gates and signal regenerator. In optical fiber communication systems, signal distortions due to chromatic dispersion in fiber dominantly limit transmission length and bit-rate. An improvement in the distorted signal is crucially needed, as the processed signal will become more degraded after some distance of transmission. Optical phase conjugation (OPC) and tunable dispersion compensation modulator (TDCM) are two attractive schemes used to increase the signal robustness in transmission systems. It is also desirable if a practical function such as flexible picosecond width-tunability can be accomplished. The advantageous of flexible converted pulse width are for the creation of higher bit-rate signals and the ability to support wider bandwidth requirements. In this thesis, the experimental demonstration using compressed RZ clock from Raman adiabatic-soliton compressor (RASC) and continuous wave (CW) signal as a pump signals in all-optical fiber-based FWM AND-gate using singleand mixed OOK-DPSK modulation formats in many applications can be realised. The applications including: all-optical nonreturn-to-zero(NRZ)-to-return-to-zero(RZ) wavelength-waveform conversions, all optical wave-length multicasting, all channel OTDM demultiplexing, and transmission performance between the midspan of OPC and TDCM. We experimentally demonstrated an all-optical NRZ-DPSK-to-RZ-DPSK waveform-wavelength conversion with flexible picosecond width-tunability and signal regeneration with reshaping functionality. The scheme is based on a RASC and a fiber-based AND-gate. In the first demonstration, we demonstrate waveform-wavelength conversion of a 10-Gb/s DPSK signal without input signal degradation over wide input-output wavelength ranges. The measurement results of the converted RZ-DPSK signal are pedestal-free, and its converted pulse width can be adjusted by tuning the Raman pump power in RASC. Further investigation of the regenerative properties due to chromatic dispersion is conducted at several Raman pump power settings over 40-km standard single-mode fibers (SSMFs) without dispersion compensation. Also, low power penalty with an error-free operation is obtained for the RZ-DPSK regenerated converted signal. Next, an all-optical 1-to-6 wavelength multicasting of a 10-Gb/s picosecond-tunable-width converted OOK data signal using a parametric pulse source from a RASC is experimentally demonstrated. Width-tunable wavelength multicasting within the C-band with approximately 40.6-nm of separation with various compressed RZ data signal inputs has been proposed and demonstrated. The converted multicast pulse widths can be flexibly controlled down by tuning the Raman pump powers of the RASC. Nearly equal pulse widths at all multicast wavelengths are obtained. Furthermore, wide open eye patterns and low power penalties at the 10??9 BER level are found. An all-optical demultiplexing of 40-Gb/s hybrid OTDM mixed format channels by using RASC-flexible control-window is also demonstrated. Error-free operations with less than 1.3-dB power penalties were obtained and this scheme is expected to be scalable toward higher bit-rates. Further demonstration related to NRZ-to-RZ waveform-wavelength conversion for 4 x 10-Gb/s multichannel mixed OOK-DPSK data formats, deploying a single FWM and RASC has been done. The fiber-based switch in HNLF based on parametric process between mixed data signals and the compressed RZ clock from RASC. By flexibly tuning the Raman pump power from RASC in between 0.20 and 0.90 W, high quality converted signal can be achieved. Bit-error-rate measurements show negative power penalties for the obtained RZ signals with pedestal-free pulses. Finally, we demonstrated the transmission performance between the midspan of TDCM and OPC schemes with specialty using multichannel-mixed OOK and DPSK format. The OPC scheme has the advantage over the penalties performance compared to TDCM scheme.電気通信大学201

One to Six Wavelength Multicasting of RZ-OOK Based on Picosecond-Width-Tunable Pulse Source with Distributed Raman Amplification

All-optical 1-to-6 wavelength multicasting of a 10-Gb/s picosecond-tunable-width converted return-to-zero (RZ)-on-off-keying (OOK) data signal using a wideband-parametric pulse source from a distributed Raman amplifier (DRA) is experimentally demonstrated. Width-tunable wavelength multicasting within the C-band with approximately 40.6-nm of separation with various compressed RZ data signal inputs have been proposed and demonstrated. The converted multicast pulse widths can be flexibly controlled down to 2.67 ps by tuning the Raman pump powers of the DRA. Nearly equal pulse widths at all multicast wavelengths are obtained. Furthermore, wide open eye patterns and penalties less than 1.2 dB at the 10-9 bit-error-rate (BER) level are found

Optical Tomography System Using Charge-Coupled Device for Transparent Object Detection

This research presents an application of Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) linear sensor and laser diode in an optical tomography system. Optical tomography is a non-invasive and non-intrusive method of capturing a cross-sectional image of multiphase flow. The measurements are based on the final light intensity received by the sensor and this approach is limited to detect solid objects only. The aim of this research is to analyse and demonstrate the capability of laser with a CCD in an optical tomography system for detecting objects with different clarity in crystal clear water. Experiments for detecting transparent objects were conducted. The object’s diameter and image reconstruction can also be observed. As a conclusion, this research has successfully developed a non-intrusive and non-invasive optical tomography system that can detect objects in crystal clear water

An application of charge-coupled Device (CCD) tomography system for gemological industry - a review

Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) is a semiconductor chip with a light-sensitive sensor. The CCD has been used in many fields of engineering, including astronomy, medical sciences and processing. CCD is capable to detect light sources and convert this analogue signal into electrical signal. CCD is an integrated circuit that contains a large number of small photo elements with high sensitivity to light energy. The main focus of this research paper is on the review of CCD basic operating principle and construction, CCD characteristic, and the application of CCD in tomography system. The potential use of CCD in the gemological industry is also highlighted in this paper. Gemology is one of the important industries that considered profitable and crucial that deals with precious stones. This industry is in need of standardized grading valuation of gemstones as the current technique is prone to errors. An approach to the standardized grading technique is proposed where CCD tomography is used to detect and analyze the light distribution characteristic in ruby stones

Solution for nonlinear Duffing oscillator using variable order variable stepsize block method

Real life phenomena found in various fields such as engineering, physics, biology and communication theory can be modeled as nonlinear higher order ordinary differential equations, particularly the Duffing oscillator. Analytical solutions for these differential equations can be time consuming whereas, conventional numerical solutions may lack accuracy. This research propose a block multistep method integrated with a variable order step size (VOS) algorithm for solving these Duffing oscillators directly. The proposed VOS Block method provides an alternative numerical solution by reducing computational cost (time) but without loss of accuracy. Numerical simulations are compared with known exact solutions for proof of accuracy and against current numerical methods for proof of efficiency (steps taken)

Tomography system towards the industrial revolution 4.0

The world developed rapidly to provide better standard of living to the human being. Industrial revolution 4.0 promising in great revenue, investment and technological advancement to the society and various sectors. This paper presents an overview of tomography system towards the industrial revolution 4.0. Tomography is essentially a technique for showing an image representation through solid objects, such as a pipeline or the human body, in the two-dimensional and three-dimensional cross sections. Several tomography sensors, including optical tomography systems, ultrasonic tomography systems and an electrical tomography system, are discussed in terms of their hardware and image reconstruction. To provide a clear view of tomography system, a few examples of tomography system application in medical and process industries are discussed

Simulation study on CCD tomography system for ruby stone optical properties

Ninety percent of the ruby stones available worldwide come from Myanmar. Malaysia is known to be one of the countries that have been importing ruby stones for precious stone industries, manufacturing industries, medical and dentistry applications. There are several gemology tools which are used to investigate the grading of ruby stones such as loop, microscope, and dichroscope. Nevertheless, these tools are highly dependable on human visual assessment and require years of experience that may lead to error since ruby stone quality is evaluated based on its clarity and transparency. Hence, this paper addresses a simulation study on the optical properties of ruby stones via Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Tomography approach. This paper indicates the capability of CCD and tomography system to analyze the ruby stone optical properties through image reconstruction based on the previous research. Linear Back Projection (LBP) algorithm will be used to construct two-dimensional image reconstruction of varieties ruby stones. From these image reconstructions, the transparency and blemishes of ruby stones can be analyzed

Analysis on clarity of rubies gemstones using charge-coupled device (CCD)

Ruby is one of the most precious gemstones on Earth that is always high in demand especially in the jewelry industries. Due to its high value and very expensive, a lot of imitation of ruby has been made. This results in the rising of more complicated issues as gemologists need to perform the grading valuation very carefully and precisely. The current and common grading techniques mostly depend on human vision, which eventually leads to error. This paper aims to analyze the clarity of rubies gemstones using Charge-Coupled Device (CCD). The CCD detects the light intensity and then convert the light intensity value into the voltage value. The CCD sensor is very special in its architecture design, consisting of more than 1000 very small pixels that are sensitive to light sources. Based on the previous research, CCD has high sensitivity to laser light source with wavelength range within 430 nm to 650 nm. This research is going to prove that CCD is able to detect the clarity of various grading of the pink to blood-red ruby stones