CHATHUSKA METHODOLOGY: NECTAR OF CHARAKA SAMHITA SUTRASTHANA

Objective: To assess the fundamental concept of Ayurveda explained in Charaka Samhita by the learning methods of Chathushka. Review Methods: Literary review methods were followed throughout the study. Mainly focussed on Charaka Samhita and its Commentaries, Articles related to Chatushka Methodology. Result and Conclusion: Ayurveda is the Upaveda of Atharva Veda and consists of Brihatrayees and Laghutrayess. They have their own textual version that follows a particular style of writing as suited to the subject. The term “Samhita'' denotes complete collection of specific valuable knowledge unavoidable for the improvement of various aspects of life. Since the Vedic literature, the word Samhita is in use. Similarly the main aim of Ayurveda is to protect all aspects of life, so got the name Samhita. Among the Samhitas, Charaka Samhita is divided into eight Sthana and embodiments of knowledge to promote positive health. In Charaka Samhita, Acharya ratified various techniques like Thantrayukti, Vadamarga etc., by adopting a unique methodology known as Chathushka Methodology. Sutra Sthana consists of thirty chapters partitioned into seven quadrants. Each quadrant deals with specific subjects. This paper highlights the influence of Chathushka methodology in identifying the pedagogy of Charaka Samhita to understand the fundamentals of Ayurveda. Data Source: This is a review article and main source of the article is Charaka Samhitha and its commentaries which were available. The main source of Charaka Samhita is the online e - Samhitha of National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage

Ayurvedic perspective of Circadian Rhythm

Background: Biological rhythms are the natural cyclical changes in our body, in which researches mainly focuses on circadian rhythms. Body processes vary according to adaptation of solar and lunar related rhythm. Ayurveda explains this on the basis of cyclic rhythm of Tridoshas. The Doshas Kapha, Pitta and Vata maintain the integrity of our body, like Soma, Surya & Anila maintaining the integrity of the terrestrial world. Aims and Objectives: This review paper aims to understand the concept of circadian rhythm in Ayurvedic view and its application in the prevention and management of disorders. Materials and Methods: Literature search were carried out in Classical texts of Ayurveda and Modern system and relevant databases. Total 8969 articles were found, among them 89 relevant articles were taken, of which abstracts and full paper of the most relevant and freely downloadable articles were reviewed. Results and discussion: This review clarified that, diet and lifestyle regimens mentioned in Ayurveda aims to maintain the diurnal and seasonal variations of doshas. Deviation in this rhythm lead to many disorders. Conclusion: We can maximize our health, mental alertness and immunity by proper alignment of circadian rhythm by following methods like Dinacharya, Ritucharya, proper Ahara and Nidra, Ritusodhanas etc

Concept of Oushadha Samyoga in Ayurveda

Ayurvedic medicines have an exceptional way of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. The pharmacological actions of Ayurvedic drugs were explained through Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka, Prabhava etc. Ayurveda is well known for both single and polyherbal formulation, among them poly herbal formulations have prime role because of its multiple pharmacological actions. Various basic concepts of Ayurveda such as Samyoga, Samskara, Rasapanchaka, Anupana etc were playing behind the formation of polyherbal formulation. The concept of Samyoga, is the essential norm behind the formation of Polyherbal preparations. Thus, literary review mainly intended to know the role of Samyoga in the preparation of various Ayurvedic poly herbal preparations and to highlight their importance of Oushadha Samyoga (multidrug/ polyherbal formulation) in the present era

Bench-to-bedside review: Latest results in hemorrhagic shock

Hemorrhagic shock is a leading cause of death in trauma patients worldwide. Bleeding control, maintenance of tissue oxygenation with fluid resuscitation, coagulation support, and maintenance of normothermia remain mainstays of therapy for patients with hemorrhagic shock. Although now widely practised as standard in the USA and Europe, shock resuscitation strategies involving blood replacement and fluid volume loading to regain tissue perfusion and oxygenation vary between trauma centers; the primary cause of this is the scarcity of published evidence and lack of randomized controlled clinical trials. Despite enormous efforts to improve outcomes after severe hemorrhage, novel strategies based on experimental data have not resulted in profound changes in treatment philosophy. Recent clinical and experimental studies indicated the important influences of sex and genetics on pathophysiological mechanisms after hemorrhage. Those findings might provide one explanation why several promising experimental approaches have failed in the clinical arena. In this respect, more clinically relevant animal models should be used to investigate pathophysiology and novel treatment approaches. This review points out new therapeutic strategies, namely immunomodulation, cardiovascular maintenance, small volume resuscitation, and so on, that have been introduced in clinics or are in the process of being transferred from bench to bedside. Control of hemorrhage in the earliest phases of care, recognition and monitoring of individual risk factors, and therapeutic modulation of the inflammatory immune response will probably constitute the next generation of therapy in hemorrhagic shock. Further randomized controlled multicenter clinical trials are needed that utilize standardized criteria for enrolling patients, but existing ethical requirements must be maintained

Improved Abdominal Multi-Organ Segmentation via 3D Boundary-Constrained Deep Neural Networks

Quantitative assessment of the abdominal region from clinically acquired CT scans requires the simultaneous segmentation of abdominal organs. Thanks to the availability of high-performance computational resources, deep learning-based methods have resulted in state-of-the-art performance for the segmentation of 3D abdominal CT scans. However, the complex characterization of organs with fuzzy boundaries prevents the deep learning methods from accurately segmenting these anatomical organs. Specifically, the voxels on the boundary of organs are more vulnerable to misprediction due to the highly-varying intensity of inter-organ boundaries. This paper investigates the possibility of improving the abdominal image segmentation performance of the existing 3D encoder-decoder networks by leveraging organ-boundary prediction as a complementary task. To address the problem of abdominal multi-organ segmentation, we train the 3D encoder-decoder network to simultaneously segment the abdominal organs and their corresponding boundaries in CT scans via multi-task learning. The network is trained end-to-end using a loss function that combines two task-specific losses, i.e., complete organ segmentation loss and boundary prediction loss. We explore two different network topologies based on the extent of weights shared between the two tasks within a unified multi-task framework. To evaluate the utilization of complementary boundary prediction task in improving the abdominal multi-organ segmentation, we use three state-of-the-art encoder-decoder networks: 3D UNet, 3D UNet++, and 3D Attention-UNet. The effectiveness of utilizing the organs' boundary information for abdominal multi-organ segmentation is evaluated on two publically available abdominal CT datasets. A maximum relative improvement of 3.5% and 3.6% is observed in Mean Dice Score for Pancreas-CT and BTCV datasets, respectively.Comment: 15 pages, 16 figures, journal pape

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHARAKA’S TANTRAYUKTI AND VADAMARGA AND ITS APPLICATION FOR LOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF CONCEPTS IN SAMHITA – A REVIEW

Ayurveda is an age old system of medicine that was penned by Acharyas who were considered to be epitomes of knowledge. The language of the text is Sanskrit and the meanings are obtained by reading the commentary that is given below. The classical texts also propose certain tools that can be used to code and decode the concepts mentioned in the text. Tantrayukti and Vadamarga are two such tools explained in classical a text that has to be used by an intelligent/mediocre student or physician to understand the concepts and apply it in the most appropriate way. Tantrayukti is a tool proposed for interpretation where as Vadamarga deals with the protocols to be followed in debates. The subject knowledge becomes complete only when the proper application of Tantrayukti and Vadamarga is also known. Though Tantrayukti is mentioned in Ashtanga Sangraha and Hridaya, Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, only Charaka exclusively explains about Vadamarga. So in this article an attempt is made to compare the similarities and dissimilarities of Vadamarga and Tantrayukti

AN INNOVATIVE METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND FORCED DEGRADATION STUDIES FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF SOFOSBUVIR AND LEDIPASVIR BY RP HPLC

Objective: To develop an innovative, rapid, simple, cost-effective, stability indicating reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for simultaneous estimation of ledipasvir (LP) and sofosbuvir (SB) in combination pill dosage form. Methods: The method was developed using C8 column, 250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 mm using mobile section comprising of 0.1% (v/v) orthophosphoric acid buffer at pH 2.2 and acetonitrile in the ratio of 45:55 that was pumped through the column at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. Temperature was maintained at 30 °C, the effluents were monitored at 260 nm with the help of usage of PDA detector. Results: The retention time of LP and SB were found to be 2.246 min and 3.502 min. The approach was found to be linear with the variety of 9-36 µg/ml and 40-240 μg/ml for LP and SB respectively, the assay of estimated compounds were found to be 99.65% and 99.73% w/v for LP and SB respectively. Conclusion: The pressured samples changed into analyzed and this proposed a technique turned into determined to be particular and stability indicating as no interfering peaks of decay compound and excipients were observed. Hence, the approach was easy and economical that may be efficiently applied for simultaneous estimation of both LP and SB in bulk and combination tablet system

DEGRADATION, MECHANO-PHYSICAL, AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH REINFORCED POLYESTER COMPOSITES

This research aims to study the effects of degradation on mechanical, physical, and morphological properties of empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber- reinforced polyester composites. The unsaturated polyester resin has been used to produce thermoset polymer composites. The reinforcing effect in composites was evaluated at various fiber loadings, including an overall fiber content (by weight) of 20% and 40%. The mechanical (tensile, flexural, and impact) and physical (density, moisture content, and water absorption) properties were studied before and after the samples were buried in the soil for period of 12 months. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was conducted to visualize the effect of the quality of adhesion between the fibers and matrix. The soil burial investigation results revealed that EFB fiber-polyester composites showed highest degradation percentage as compared to polyester resin and fiberglass

Salivary free light chains as a new biomarker to measure psychological stress: the impact of a university exam period on salivary immunoglobulins, cortisol, DHEA and symptoms of infection:the impact of a university exam period on salivary immunoglobulins, cortisol, DHEA and symptoms of infection

Introduction: Measurement of immunoglobulin free light chains (FLCs) in saliva can serve as a non-invasive biomarker in health and behavioural research. FLCs have been explored in relation to physiological stress but FLC responses to psychological stress and their relationship with infections remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the impact of exam period stress on salivary FLCs alongside other established biomarkers of stress and whether FLCs relate to symptoms of infection. Methods: 58 healthy adults studying at university completed saliva samples and questionnaires in a period without exams (baseline), and again prior to the start of an exam period. Saliva samples were assessed for FLCs, IgA, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Measures of life events stress, perceived stress, anxiety and depression were completed. Students also reported incidence and severity of symptoms of infection and rated general well-being at baseline, prior to, during and after the exam period. Exercise, sleep and alcohol consumption were also assessed at both timepoints. Results: FLCs secretion rates were significantly lower at the exam period compared to baseline (p &lt;.01), with reductions of 26% and 25% for κ FLC and λ FLC, respectively. In agreement, salivary IgA secretion rate was lower at exams (non-significant trend, p =.07). Cortisol concentration significantly increased at exams (p &lt;.05) while DHEA did not change, leading to an increase in the cortisol:DHEA ratio (p =.06). Depression (p &lt;.05) and anxiety increased from baseline to exams and life stress reported in the build up to the exam period was higher compared with baseline (p &lt;.001). Well-being significantly decreased from baseline to exams (p &lt;.01). The proportion of participants reporting infection symptoms (70%) was unchanged between baseline and prior to exams. No significant relationships were found between FLCs or other saliva parameters and infection symptoms, well-being or stress/psychological measures. Changes in saliva parameters between timepoints were independent of health behaviours. Conclusions: Salivary FLCs are responsive to life events stress and corroborate with IgA. This preliminary study highlights the potential utility of FLCs as a new salivary biomarker in stress research.</p

Ischemia Induces P-Selectin-Mediated Selective Progenitor Cell Engraftment in the Isolated-Perfused Heart

Clinical trials infusing Bone Marrow Cells (BMCs) into injured hearts have produced measureable improvements in cardiac performance, but were insufficient to improve patient outcomes. Low engraftment rates are cited as probable contributor to limited improvements. To understand the mechanisms that control myocardial engraftment of BMCs following ischemia-reperfusion injury, in isolated–perfused mouse hearts, stop-flow ischemia was followed by variable-duration reperfusion (0–60 min) before addition of labeled syngenic BMCs to the perfusate. After a buffer-only wash, the heart was disaggregated. Retained BMCs (digest) and infused BMCs (aliquot) were compared by flow cytometry for c-kit and CD45 expression to determine the proportion of cell subtypes engrafted versus delivered (selectivity ratio). In these studies, a time-dependent selective retention of c-kit+ cells was apparent starting at 30 min of reperfusion, at which time c-kit+/CD45+ BMCs showed a selectivity ratio of 18 ± 2 (versus 2 ± 1 in sham-ischemic controls). To study the underlying mechanism for this selective retention, neutralizing antibodies for P-selectin or L-selectin were infused into the heart preparation and incubated with BMCs prior to BMC infusion. Blocking P-selectin in ischemic hearts ablated selectivity for c-kit+/CD45+ BMCs at 30 min reperfusion (selectivity ratio of 3 ± 1) while selectivity persisted in the presence of L-selectin neutralization (selectivity ratio of 17 ± 2). To corroborate this finding, a parallel plate flow chamber was used to study capture and rolling dynamics of purified c-kit+ versus c-kit- BMCs on various selectin molecules. C-kit+ BMCs interacted weakly with L-selectin substrates (0.03 ± 0.01% adhered) but adhered strongly to P-selectin (0.28 ± 0.04% adhered). C-kit- BMCs showed intermediate binding regardless of substrate (0.18 ± 0.04% adhered on L-selectin versus 0.17 ± 0.04% adhered on P-selectin). Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion stress induces selective engraftment of c-kit+ bone marrow progenitor cells via P-selectin activation