58 research outputs found

    Effet de l’Еnrobage des Semences de Maïs (Zea mays L.) avec Trichoderma harzianum sur la Levée et la Croissance des Plantules au Burkina Faso

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    Au Burkina Faso, de nombreuses espèces de moisissures infectent les grains de maĂŻs entrainant des fontes de semis, des retards de croissance des plantes et la production de mycotoxines dangereuses pour la santĂ© humaine et animale. L’objectif de la prĂ©sente Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© d’évaluer le comportement des semences de maĂŻs enrobĂ©es avec les conidies d’une souche locale de Trichoderma harzianum ayant prĂ©sentĂ© des propriĂ©tĂ©s antifongiques et amĂ©liorĂ© la croissance vĂ©gĂ©tative des plantules d’oignon selon des Ă©tudes antĂ©rieurs. Six lots de semences de six variĂ©tĂ©s de maĂŻs ont ainsi Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©s et analysĂ©s pour identifier les espèces de moisissures en prĂ©sence. Les principales espèces identifiĂ©es ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© confrontĂ©es in vitro avec T. harzianum pour apprĂ©cier l’antagonisme. Des grains de maĂŻs ont enfin Ă©tĂ© enrobĂ©s avec les conidies de T. harzianum en utilisant de l’argile comme liant puis semĂ©s et entrenus pendant vingt-cinq (25) jours pour apprĂ©cier la levĂ©e et la croissance des plantules. Fusarium verticillioides, Aspergillus niger et Aspergillus flavus ont Ă©tĂ© les trois principaux champignons prĂ©sents dans les semences analysĂ©es Ă  des taux d’infection variant de 8,3 Ă  89,5%, en fonction des variĂ©tĂ©s de maĂŻs. L’évaluation de l’antagonisme de T. harzianum a montrĂ© une rĂ©duction significative de la croissance de ces trois champignons avec des coefficients d’antagonisme compris entre 0,68 et 0,86. Concernant l’effet promoteur de la croissance vĂ©gĂ©tale, l’enrobage des semences avec T. harzianum a permis d’amĂ©liorer significativement la levĂ©e, la longueur des plantes et des racines ainsi que la biomasse fraiche par rapport aux semences non enrobĂ©es.   In Burkina Faso, many mold species infect maize grains causing seedling damping off, plant growth retardation, and the production of mycotoxins which are dangerous for human and animal health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of maize seeds coated with the conidia of a local strain of Trichoderma harzianum having shown antifungal properties and improved the vegetative growth of onion seedlings according to previous studies. Six seed lots from six varieties of maize were thus collected and analyzed to identify the existing mold species. The main identified species were then confronted in vitro with T. harzianum to assess the antagonistic effects. Maize seeds were finally coated with the conidia of T. harzianum using clay as binder and then sown and maintained for twenty-five (25) days to assess the emergence and growth of the seedlings. Fusarium verticillioides, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus were the three main fungi present in analyzed seeds lots with infection rates varying from 8.3 to 89.5%, depending on the maize varieties. The evaluation of the antagonism of T. harzianum showed a significant reduction in the growth of the three fungal species with antagonism coefficients situated between 0.68 and 0.86. In terms of plant growth-promoting effect, seed coating with T. harzianum significantly improved seedling emergence, plant and root length and fresh biomass, compared to non-coated seeds

    L’Enrobage des Semences de Maïs avec Trichoderma harzianum a Amélioré la Levée et la Croissance des Plantes au Burkina Faso

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    De nombreuses espèces de moisissures infectent les grains de maĂŻs produits au Burkina Faso. La prĂ©sence de ces champignons sur les grains entraine des fontes de semis, des retards de croissance des plantes et la production de mycotoxines comme les aflatoxines dont la consommation est dangereuse pour la santĂ© humaine et animale. L’objectif de la prĂ©sente Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© d’évaluer le comportement de semences de maĂŻs enrobĂ©es avec les conidies d’une souche locale de Trichoderma harzianum ayant prĂ©sentĂ© des propriĂ©tĂ©s antifongiques et de promotion de la croissance sur l’oignon. Six lots de semences de six variĂ©tĂ©s de maĂŻs ont ainsi Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©s et analysĂ©s pour identifier les espèces de moisissures en prĂ©sence. Les trois principales espèces identifiĂ©es ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© confrontĂ©es in vitro avec T. harzianum pour apprĂ©cier l’antagonisme. Des grains de maĂŻs ont enfin Ă©tĂ© enrobĂ©es avec les conidies de T. harzianum puis semĂ©s pour apprĂ©cier la levĂ©e et la croissance des plantules. Fusarium verticillioides, Aspergillus niger et Aspergillus flavus ont Ă©tĂ© les trois principaux champignons prĂ©sents dans les semences analysĂ©es Ă  des taux d’infection variant de 8,3 Ă  89,5%, selon les variĂ©tĂ©s de maĂŻs. L’évaluation de l’antagonisme de T. harzianum a montrĂ© une rĂ©duction significative de la croissance de ces trois champignons avec des coefficients d’antagonisme compris entre 0,68 et 0,86. Concernant l’effet promoteur de la croissance vĂ©gĂ©tale, l’enrobage des semences avec T. harzianum a permis d’amĂ©liorer significativement la levĂ©e, la longueur des plantes et des racines ainsi que la biomasse fraiche par rapport aux semences non enrobĂ©es.   Many mold species infect maize grains produced in Burkina Faso. The presence of these fungi on the grains leads to seedling damping off, plant growth retardation and the production of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, the consumption of which is dangerous for human and animal health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of maize seeds coated with the conidia of a local strain of Trichoderma harzianum having shown antifungal and plant growth promoting properties on onion. Six seed lots from six varieties of maize were thus collected and analyzed to identify the existing mold species. The three main identified species were then confronted in vitro with T. harzianum to assess the antagonistic effects. Maize seeds were finally coated with the conidia of T. harzianum and then sown to assess emergence and seedling growth. Fusarium verticillioides, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus were the three main fungi present in analyzed seeds lots with infection rate varying from 8.3 to 89.5%, according to the varieties of maize. The evaluation of the antagonism of T. harzianum showed a significant reduction in the growth of the three fungal species with antagonism coefficients situated between 0.68 and 0.86. In terms of plant growth promoting effect, seed coating with T. harzianum significantly improved seedling emergence, plant and root length and fresh biomass, compared to non-coated seeds

    L’Enrobage des Semences de Maïs avec Trichoderma harzianum a Amélioré la Levée et la Croissance des Plantes au Burkina Faso

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    De nombreuses espèces de moisissures infectent les grains de maĂŻs produits au Burkina Faso. La prĂ©sence de ces champignons sur les grains entraine des fontes de semis, des retards de croissance des plantes et la production de mycotoxines comme les aflatoxines dont la consommation est dangereuse pour la santĂ© humaine et animale. L’objectif de la prĂ©sente Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© d’évaluer le comportement de semences de maĂŻs enrobĂ©es avec les conidies d’une souche locale de Trichoderma harzianum ayant prĂ©sentĂ© des propriĂ©tĂ©s antifongiques et de promotion de la croissance sur l’oignon. Six lots de semences de six variĂ©tĂ©s de maĂŻs ont ainsi Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©s et analysĂ©s pour identifier les espèces de moisissures en prĂ©sence. Les trois principales espèces identifiĂ©es ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© confrontĂ©es in vitro avec T. harzianum pour apprĂ©cier l’antagonisme. Des grains de maĂŻs ont enfin Ă©tĂ© enrobĂ©es avec les conidies de T. harzianum puis semĂ©s pour apprĂ©cier la levĂ©e et la croissance des plantules. Fusarium verticillioides, Aspergillus niger et Aspergillus flavus ont Ă©tĂ© les trois principaux champignons prĂ©sents dans les semences analysĂ©es Ă  des taux d’infection variant de 8,3 Ă  89,5%, selon les variĂ©tĂ©s de maĂŻs. L’évaluation de l’antagonisme de T. harzianum a montrĂ© une rĂ©duction significative de la croissance de ces trois champignons avec des coefficients d’antagonisme compris entre 0,68 et 0,86. Concernant l’effet promoteur de la croissance vĂ©gĂ©tale, l’enrobage des semences avec T. harzianum a permis d’amĂ©liorer significativement la levĂ©e, la longueur des plantes et des racines ainsi que la biomasse fraiche par rapport aux semences non enrobĂ©es.   Many mold species infect maize grains produced in Burkina Faso. The presence of these fungi on the grains leads to seedling damping off, plant growth retardation and the production of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, the consumption of which is dangerous for human and animal health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of maize seeds coated with the conidia of a local strain of Trichoderma harzianum having shown antifungal and plant growth promoting properties on onion. Six seed lots from six varieties of maize were thus collected and analyzed to identify the existing mold species. The three main identified species were then confronted in vitro with T. harzianum to assess the antagonistic effects. Maize seeds were finally coated with the conidia of T. harzianum and then sown to assess emergence and seedling growth. Fusarium verticillioides, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus were the three main fungi present in analyzed seeds lots with infection rate varying from 8.3 to 89.5%, according to the varieties of maize. The evaluation of the antagonism of T. harzianum showed a significant reduction in the growth of the three fungal species with antagonism coefficients situated between 0.68 and 0.86. In terms of plant growth promoting effect, seed coating with T. harzianum significantly improved seedling emergence, plant and root length and fresh biomass, compared to non-coated seeds

    Pathogenicity study of some seed-borne fungi of onion (Allium cepa L.) from Burkina Faso

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    Onion production in Burkina Faso faces to several constraints including diseases. Symptoms such as seedling damping-off are currently been observed. Most of the fungi responsible for onion diseases are seed-transmitted but in Burkina Faso, little information on onion seed quality were available. In a previous study, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani were found to be the main fungi present on onion seeds but their responsibility in the development of seedlings damping-off has not been established. The overall aim of this study is to evaluate in vitro, the effect of these fungi on onion seed germination and coleoptile growth in order to establish this responsibility. Onion seeds were inoculated with mycelium suspension of the fungi concentrated at 13.3 g/ml and incubated for 6 days under appropriates conditions. All the tested fungal isolates had an inhibitory effect on onion seed germination at rates ranging from 31 to 60%. The Fusarium species were the most virulent. Coleoptile length was also reduced by the fungi, leading to significant growth time-lag at rates ranging from 34 to 100%. Aspergillus niger was the most virulent. In conclusion, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani are responsible of seedling damping-off of onion in Burkina Faso

    Dynamique spatio-temporelle des savanes boisées de la forêt classée de Tiogo au Burkina Faso

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    Les aires protégées du Burkina Faso connaissent un phénomène d'anthropisation accrue. A cela s'ajoute l'effet des changements climatiques. Ainsi, ces facteurs ont des conséquences dont la baisse de la biodiversité. Cette étude a pour objectif principal d’analyser de la dynamique spatio-temporelle des savanes boisées. Elle a été conduite dans la forêt classée de Tiogo. Des images Landsat TM de 1986 et ETM de 2010 ont été utilisées. Deux cartes d’occupation du sol, respectivement de 1986 et de 2010 ont été réalisées avec trois classes thématiques. De ces deux cartes d’occupation du sol, deux cartes de répartition spatiale des savanes boisées de 1986 et 2010 ont été générées. Les résultats cartographiques révèlent une forte régression des savanes boisées passant de 35,17% en 1986 à 18,04% en 2010. Durant la même période, les zones d’anthropisation ont progressé d’environ 4,38% par an. L’analyse de la dynamique spatiale a montré une fragmentation des savanes boisées entre 1986 et 2010. Cette fragmentation est principalement due à des activités anthropiques, notamment l’exploitation forestière et les défrichements agricoles. Ceci constitue donc une menace croissante pour la conservation de la biodiversité dans cette forêt classée si aucune mesure n’est prise pour inverser les tendances.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Aires protégées, savanes, fragmentation, anthropisation, imagerie satellitaire, Afrique de l’OuestEnglish AbstractThis study is a contribution to the analysis of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the savanna within protected areas. It was conducted in the classified forest of Tiogo in Central West of Burkina Faso. Images 1986 Landsat TM and ETM of 2010 have been used. Two land use maps of 1986 and 2010 respectively, were made with respect to three thematic classes defined. From these two land use maps, two maps of spatial distribution of woody savanna of 1986 and 2010 were generated. The mapping results reveal a sharp decline of woody savanna, declining from 35.17% in 1986 to 18.04% in 2010. During the same period, anthropization areas have increased of approximately 4.38% per year. Analysis of the spatial dynamics has shown fragmentation of savanna between 1986 and 2010. This fragmentation is due to anthropogenic activities, including logging and agricultural clearing. This is therefore a growing threat to the conservation of biodiversity in this classified forest if no action is taken to reverse the trends.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Protected areas, savannas, fragmentation, anthropization, satellite imagery, West Afric

    Évaluation de l’activité antifongique et de la phytotoxicité de Isoberlinia doka craib & staff

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    This study has been designed to contribute to search alternative solutions based on plant extracts against phytopatogenic fungi. It aims to test the efficacy of ethanolic extract (70%) of Isoberlinia doka trunk bark on the mycelial growth of eight phytopagenic fungi species and on maize and cowpea seedlings germination and growth. The results showed that the ethanolic extract inhibits mycelial growth. This extract has showed an interesting efficiency on three fungi such as Colletotrichum dematium, Curvularia lunata and Fusarium verticilloides. Among these fungi, Curvularia lunata was the most sensitive with a rate of inhibition of mycelial growth of 52.35% after four days incubation at 10 mg / ml. After seven days incubation, the extract was more effective in reducing Fusarium verticilloides mycelial growth with 50,70% inhibition rate at the same concentration. After the phytotoxicity tests, it was found that this extract had no phytotoxic effect on the germination and growth of maize seedlings while it reduced significantly seed germination and cowpea seedling growth. The ethanolic extract of I. doka bark has antifungal properties and did not inhibited maize growth parameters. It could be used in maize seed treatment. Investigations could also be made into the herbicidal properties of some invasive legumes close to cowpea

    Evaluation des méthodes de piégeage des termites au nord du Burkina Faso

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    En Afrique de l’Ouest, les termites sont communĂ©ment utilisĂ©s comme alimentation protĂ©inique pour la volaille. Cette Ă©tude avait pour objectif de tester et d’amĂ©liorer une mĂ©thode traditionnelle de collecte des termites par piĂ©geage avec un rĂ©cipient renversĂ©, au Nord du Burkina Faso. Des essais ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©s avec deux genres de termites (Macrotermes et Odontotermes) afin d’évaluer l’effet des saisons, des substrats, des rĂ©cipients et de l’exposition au soleil sur leur piĂ©geage. Six substrats ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s avec trois types de rĂ©cipients (en terre cuite, en fer et en plastique) pour collecter les termites. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que le canari en terre cuite est le meilleur rĂ©cipient pour la collecte des termites. Les meilleurs substrats pour capturer les Macrotermes, ont Ă©tĂ© les substrats contenant des tiges de sorgho et, pour les Odontotermes, les substrats contenant la bouse de vache. L’exposition des pièges au soleil a eu un effet nĂ©gatif significatif sur les Odontotermes, mais pas sur les Macrotermes. Ces rĂ©sultats peuvent aider les aviculteurs Ă  amĂ©liorer le piĂ©geage des termites en utilisant le rĂ©cipient et les substrats les plus adĂ©quats et en protĂ©geant leur piège du soleil.Mots clĂ©s : Termites, aliments pour volaille, Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Burkina Faso.   English Title: Evaluation of termite trapping methods in northern Burkina Faso In West Africa, termites are commonly used as a protein feed for poultry. The objective of this study was to test and improve a traditional method of trapping termites with an overturned container in northern Burkina Faso. Trials have been conducted with two termite genera (Macrotermes and Odontotermes) to assess the effect of seasons, substrates, containers and sun exposure on their trapping. Six substrates were used with three types of containers (terracotta, iron and plastic) to collect termites. The results showed that the terracotta container is the best container for collecting termites. The best substrates for Macrotermes were the substrates containing sorghum stalks and, for Odontotermes, the substrates containing cow dung. Exposure of the traps to the sun had a significant negative effect on Odontotermes, but not on Macrotermes. These results can help poultry farmers improve termite trapping by using the most suitable container and substrates and protecting their trap from the sun.Keywords: Termites, poultry feed, Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Burkina Faso

    Baseline toxicity data of different insecticides against the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and control failure likelihood estimation in Burkina Faso

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    The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a worldwide maize pest originating from the American continent. It invaded Africa during 2016, causing important economic damages, forcing African countries to take urgent actions to tackle this new invasive pest. In Burkina Faso, several chemical insecticides were promoted, but farmers have quickly and repeatedly reported control failures. In this work, we collected seven fall armyworm populations in as many maize producing areas of Burkina Faso. Following the approved IRAC leaf bioassay protocole, we evaluated the susceptibility of third instar larvae to seven commercially available insecticide formulations, including various modes of action: methomyl and chlorpyriphos-ethyl (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors), deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin (sodium channel modulators), emamectin benzoate and abamectin (chloride channel activators) and Bacillus thuringiensis (a microbial disruptor of insect midgut membranes). Lethal concentrations (LC50), resistance ratios (RR50) and relative toxicity were calculated for each population and active ingredient. LC50 values for all S. frugiperda populations were, in order of importance: emamectin benzoate (0.33–0.38 µg/l), methomyl (18–73 mg/l), abamectin (58–430 mg/l), chlorpyrifos-ethyl (199–377 mg/l), deltamethrin (70–541 mg/l) and lambda-cyhalothrin (268–895 mg/l). LC50 of the B. thuringiensis formulation ranged from 430 to 614 MIU/l. Lambda-cyhalothrin was the least efficient of the tested chemical pesticides, and emamectin benzoate the most efficient (relative toxicity × 2,712,969). Methomyl (× 49), abamectin (× 5), deltamethrin (× 13), chlorpyriphos-ethyl (× 4) were also more toxic than lambda-cyhalothrin. Based on these results, we conclude that emamectin benzoate, methomyl and chlorpyriphos-ethyl insecticides are the most efficient for the control of the fall armyworm in Burkina Faso. We discuss the importance to implement a national-level resistance survey for this major pest, which would allow rapid and efficient adaptation of the control strategy.Agro-Ec

    Evaluation of the 19 varieties and accessions of tomato against bacterial wilt in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

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    Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum E. F. Smith is one of the most harmful phytobacteriosis in the world. The search for varieties resistant or tolerant to this disease is the main method of control. However, there is very little information on tomato accessions and varieties deemed resistant or tolerant to the disease in Burkina Faso, hence the resistance assessment of 19 tomato varieties and accessions in the field in order to improve the productivity of tomatoes in Burkina Faso. With respect to varietal screening, a completely randomized Fisher block was used and agromorphological parameters were evaluated. The evaluation has shown that CRA 66, F1 Platinum, NC72TR4-4, Hawaii 7996, BF-Okitsu and FBT4 are more resistant with respective incidences of 1.25%; 1.25; 1.47%; 2.50%; 2.95% and 4.37%; while L390 was the most sensitive (38.80%). In terms of production, F1 Platinum, F1 Mongal, FBT3 and FBT4 gave the best net yields of 25.85; 25.47; 20.6 and 20.34 tonnes.ha-1. On the other hand, some accessions (CRA66 and BF-Okitsu), which are less sensitive to the pathogen, gave derisory yields. In view of the results obtained, market gardeners in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso can be advised of INERA varieties FBT3 and FBT4 and the F1 Platinum and F1 Mongal hybrids for their good behavior in terms of resistance to the disease and/or of correct yield in infected soils.Keywords: Burkina Faso, R. solanacearum, tomato, varietal resistanc
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