POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF DUKU (LANSIUM DOMESTICUM CORR) AND LANGSAT (LANSIUM DOMESTICUM JACK) EXTRACTS ON THE GROWTH OF BIFIDOBACTERIA SPP.

Objective: Lansium domesticum Corr. is a fruit tree species belongs to the family Meliaceae. There are numerous forms of the species and grouped into two main types: Duku and Langsat. The objective of this study is to screen the ability of adding extracts of freeze-dried duku and langsat to stimulate the growth and stability of selected Bifidobacteria spp in skimmed milk.Methods: Samples were prepared by adding either 5% or 12% of oligosaccharides from duku, langsat, inulin, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) to 5% and 12% (w/v) reconstituted nonfat dry milk (NDM), respectively. The specific growth rates (µ) for each sample were calculated. All experiments were replicated ten times.Results: The mean doubling time (Td) for Bifidobacterium longum, was lowest in the presence of freeze-dried duku and langsat compared to GOS, FOS and inulin. Retention of the viability of five Bifidobacterium species was greatest in the presence of freeze-dried duku and langsat followed by GOS, FOS and inulin. The highest percentage of acetic and lactic acids were produced by B. longum, B. infantis and B. adolescentis with freeze-dried duku and langsat. The pattern of results was similar to the commercial product, oligosaccharides (inulin, GOS and FOS). Conclusion: Therefore, this study provides promising results on promoting growth and probiotic activity of natural oligosaccharides compound from freeze-dried duku and langsat

Corporate boards and performance pricing in private debt contracts

This paper investigates the effects of corporate governance on the use of performance pricing in debt contracts on a sample of newly syndicated loans in the U.S. private debt market. While cross-sectional results provide no evidence for the predicted relation between corporate governance quality and the likelihood of using performance pricing in debt contracts, there is evidence for the predicted positive relation between corporate governance quality and the use of interest-increasing performance pricing provisions. Evidence also provides support for the predicted negative relation between corporate governance quality and the use of financial ratio as the measure of performance underlying the provisions. Overall, empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that debt-holders perceive aspects of corporate governance to be beneficial and factor them in their contracting decisions

Targeted gene sanger sequencing should remain the first-tier genetic test for children suspected to have the five common X-linked inborn errors of immunity

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.To address inborn errors of immunity (IEI) which were underdiagnosed in resource-limited regions, our centre developed and offered free genetic testing for the most common IEI by Sanger sequencing (SS) since 2001. With the establishment of The Asian Primary Immunodeficiency (APID) Network in 2009, the awareness and definitive diagnosis of IEI were further improved with collaboration among centres caring for IEI patients from East and Southeast Asia. We also started to use whole exome sequencing (WES) for undiagnosed cases and further extended our collaboration with centres from South Asia and Africa. With the increased use of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), we have shifted our diagnostic practice from SS to WES. However, SS was still one of the key diagnostic tools for IEI for the past two decades. Our centre has performed 2,024 IEI SS genetic tests, with in-house protocol designed specifically for 84 genes, in 1,376 patients with 744 identified to have disease-causing mutations (54.1%). The high diagnostic rate after just one round of targeted gene SS for each of the 5 common IEI (X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) 77.4%, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) 69.2%, X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (XCGD) 59.5%, X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) 51.1%, and X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM1) 58.1%) demonstrated targeted gene SS should remain the first-tier genetic test for the 5 common X-linked IEI.The Hong Kong Society for Relief of Disabled Children and Jeffrey Modell Foundation.http://www.frontiersin.org/Immunologyam2023Paediatrics and Child Healt

Resting cyst distribution and molecular identification of the harmful dinoflagellate Margalefidinium polykrikoides (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) in Lampung Bay, Sumatra, Indonesia

Margalefidinium polykrikoides, an unarmored dinoflagellate, was suspected to be the causative agent of the harmful algal blooms - associated with massive fish mortalities - that have occurred continually in Lampung Bay, Indonesia, since the first bloom event in October 2012. In this study, after examination of the morphology of putative M. polykrikoides-like cysts sampled in bottom sediments, cyst bed distribution of this harmful species was explored in the inner bay. Sediment samples showed that resting cysts, including several morphotypes previously reported as M. polykrikoides, were most abundant on the northern coast of Lampung Bay, ranging from 20.6 to 645.6 cysts g(-1) dry sediment. Molecular phylogeny inferred from LSU rDNA revealed that the so-called Mediterranean ribotype was detected in the sediment while M. polykrikoides motile cells, four-cell chain forming in bloom conditions, belonged to the American-Malaysian ribotype. Moreover, hyaline cysts, exclusively in the form of four-cell chains, were also recorded. Overall, these results unequivocally show that the species M. polykrikoides is abundantly present, in the form of vegetative cells, hyaline and resting cysts in an Indonesian area

MANAJEMEN KEUANGAN INTERNASIONAL

Manajemen keuangan internasional adalah manajemen keuangan dalam skala transaksi keuangan internasional. Prinsip manajemen keuangan internasional sama dengan manajemen keuangan domestik. Ruang lingkup utama dari pengambilan keputusan manajemen keuangan internasional meliputi keputusan investasi, keputusan pendanaan dan kebijakan dividen. Jenis transaksi yang ditangani dalam manajemen keuangan internasional antara lain ekspor, impor dan pasar valuta asing. Sementara itu, ruang lingkup operasi manajemen keuangan internasional antara lain yaitu pasar valuta asing, mata uang asing, analisis investasi langsung, manajemen perusahaan multinasional dan perbankan internasional. Manajemen Keuangan Internasional merupakan bagian penting dari ekonomi keuangan. Bidang ini utamanya membahas masalah-masalah yang terkait dengan interaksi moneter dari setidaknya dua atau lebih negara. Manajemen keuangan internasional telah berkembang pesat karena globalisasi. Ini membantu memahami dasar-dasar semua organisasi internasional dan menjaga keseimbangan di antara mereka. Sistem keuangan internasional menjaga perdamaian antar bangsa. Tanpa ukuran keuangan yang solid, semua negara akan bekerja untuk kepentingan pribadi mereka. Keuangan internasional membantu mengatasi masalah itu. Adanya sistem keuangan internasional berarti ada kemungkinan krisis keuangan internasional. Di sinilah kajian manajemen keuangan internasional menjadi sangat penting. Untuk mengetahui tentang krisis keuangan internasional, kita harus memahami sifat dari sistem keuangan internasional. Tanpa manajemen keuangan internasional, kemungkinan besar akan terjadi konflik dan karenanya, kekacauan yang diakibatkannya, terlihat jelas. Keuangan internasional membantu menjaga masalah internasional dalam keadaan yang tertata

Pemberdayaan Kelompok Petani Kopi Karang Rejo untuk Meningkatkan Pemanfaatan Daun Kopi Menjadi Layak Konsumsi

EMPOWERMENT OF KARANG REJO FARMER GROUP TO IMPROVE THE UTILIZATION OF COFFEE LEAVES INTO CONSUMPTION. Coffee ore is the main asset of Pekon Karang Rejo, Ulubelu Subdistrict, Tanggamus Regency, however, coffee ore is not the only commodity that can be processed as a source of income, even coffee leaves can be processed into an innovative product and rich in health benefits. The optimal use of natural resources can increase productivity in this village, not only in terms of material use value but also potentially, besides that the community can expand their horizons with the existence of this activity. The coffee leaves in Pekon are not utilized optimally because of the lack of community knowledge, and the accessibility to technology that is quite difficult so that people do not innovate. Therefore, the purpose of this activity is to provide education about the management and efficacy of coffee leaf tea as an abundant available natural material in this Pekon and its modern marketing. The method used is to provide counseling or outreach and with the ABCD (Asset Based Community Development) approach. Based on this it is expected that the community can innovate in utilizing available natural materials