Accounting model for impairment under IFRS 9 and its impact on loss allowance

Purpose: The presented study is aimed at examining the impact of the above amendment on the amount of loan loss allowances based on the financial statements of the study sample that focused on the largest banks in Europe, and the study also intends to highlight the components of the accounting model for impairment of financial instruments under IFRS 9 in addition to the proposed models calculate the probability of the default main parameter in equation of ECL. Approach/Methodology/Design: This study used the casual relationship approach to describe the relationship between the variables of study based on the annual reports of the largest European banks, and the data analyzed by non-parametric statistics according to the result of the normality test. Findings: First, the new amendment related to the impairment of financial instruments under IFRS 9 has no significant impact on the total amount of ECL for the largest banks in Europe. Second, there is no difference among banks in the same country in terms of the calculation of ECL. Third, there is a difference among European countries in the amount of loss allowances for loans. Finally, there is a difference in terms of the total assets and the total amount of loan loss allowances. Practical Implications: The presented study provides significant results about the amount of loss allowances for largest banks in Europe that were less than expectations before the implementation for IFRS 9, which will have a significant impact for banks in particular and the economy as a whole in the case of compliance with real instruction for IFRS 9. Originality/Value: Original study, and our findings have important for bank boards, executive managers in these banks, investors, and accounting standard-setting bodies.peer-reviewe

Functional dynamics of a single tryptophan residue in a BLUF protein revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy

Blue Light Using Flavin (BLUF) domains are increasingly being adopted for use in optogenetic constructs. Despite this, much remains to be resolved on the mechanism of their activation. The advent of unnatural amino acid mutagenesis opens up a new toolbox for the study of protein structural dynamics. The tryptophan analogue, 7-aza-Trp (7AW) was incorporated in the BLUF domain of the Activation of Photopigment and pucA (AppA) photoreceptor in order to investigate the functional dynamics of the crucial W104 residue during photoactivation of the protein. The 7-aza modification to Trp makes selective excitation possible using 310 nm excitation and 380 nm emission, separating the signals of interest from other Trp and Tyr residues. We used Förster energy transfer (FRET) between 7AW and the flavin to estimate the distance between Trp and flavin in both the light- and dark-adapted states in solution. Nanosecond fluorescence anisotropy decay and picosecond fluorescence lifetime measurements for the flavin revealed a rather dynamic picture for the tryptophan residue. In the dark-adapted state, the major population of W104 is pointing away from the flavin and can move freely, in contrast to previous results reported in the literature. Upon blue-light excitation, the dominant tryptophan population is reorganized, moves closer to the flavin occupying a rigidly bound state participating in the hydrogen-bond network around the flavin molecule

ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF STATEMENT OF OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME– IN RESPECT OF REPORTING COMPANIES’ PERFORMANCE

A commonly accepted rule-system, which name was International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) created the framework for represent the financial performace, and other facts related to the company’s health. In the system of IFRS profit is not equal to income less expenses, this deviation led to the other comprehensive income, OCI term. IFRS have created the term of other comprehensive income, but knowledge and using of it is not widespread. In this paper I tend to present the meaning and essence of this income category, and to reveal how it is work in corporate practice. As basis of the research, definitions and formats related to the statement of comprehensive income will be presented in the paper first. In order to get a clear picture about the differences between the income statements, I make a comparison of the IFRS and the Hungarian Accounting Act in the field of performance’s representation. As a result of my comparison I’ve stated that the EU accepted the international financial reporting standards to present the financial performance of publicly traded companies, and as EU member state it is obligatory for the Hungarian companies as well. This is the reason why Hungary’s present task is taking over the IFRS mentality. After the comparative analysis I’ve examined the Statement of other comprehensive income in the practice of 11 listed companies in the Budapest Stock Exchange. The Premium category includes those companies’ series of liquid shares, which has got broader investor base. The aim of this examination was to reveal if the most significant listed companies calculate other comprehensive income and what kind of items do they present in the statement of OCI. As a result of the research we can state that statement of other comprehensive income is part of the statement of total comprehensive income in general, and not an individual statement. Main items of the other comprehensive income of the examined companies are the following: gains and losses on remeasuring available-for-sale financial assets, gains/losses on hedging instruments in a cash flow hedge, or in an investment hedge, and gains/losses arising from translating the financial statements of foreign operations. In Hungary the IFRS consolidated report is obligatory for the listed companies at Budapest Stock Exchange, and most of these companies present other comprehensive income, but the significance and aim of this kind of income is not commonly known yet

THE EPS OF THE IFRS AS A BENCHMARK OF CORPORATE PERFORMANCE

The measurement of the corporate’s performance; efficiency and effective use of resources has an increasing role nowadays. In a globalizing and strongly competitive market environment the adequate, up-to-date, reliable and accurate information is inevitable for the companies in order to operate efficiently. Accounting is a part of corporate information system that’s primarily objective is to capture the economic changes and to present their effect on the wealth and income of the companies. The performance of companies is interpreted in many ways and there is an extensive literature that discusses performance measurement and depending on the objective and the interested parties there are several methods from simple indicators to the more complicated models. According to the most frequently used definition, performance measurement is the measurement process of the effectiveness and efficiency of activities (Neely et al., 1995). Based on the accounting information of the companies many performance indicators can be shaped that could be useful benchmarks. The companies listed on the stock exchange must put special emphasis on the measurement of their performance and its presentation in the financial statements compared to the non-listed companies as the investor’s primary aim is to maximize the returns on their investments. The national level regulations in this area are not unified; hence the comparison of companies is problematic. The listed companies must present their financial statements in accordance to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The standard boards realized the lack of comparability as a result of the non-unified performance measurement. Their opinion is that earnings per share (EPS) is a comparable indicator and shows a consistent picture about the earnings of the companies so in 1997 they issued the IAS 33 ‘Earnings per share’ standard. The IAS 33 provides a standardized method to calculate the EPS that is able to inform the investors reliably about their earnings on their shares. In this study our aim is to introduce the theoretical framework of the standard issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), the present the calculation methods of the basic and diluted EPS indicators. We will also the practical application of the method by analysing the financial statements of the 30 companies of the Deutscher Aktienindex (DAX). The current study focuses on the method of performance measurement supported by the IASB that alleviates the comparison of companies and not identical with the performance measurement methods used in the discipline of finance

TRADEMARK APPLICATIONS IN A SECTORAL APPROACH

The economic roles of the Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) are one of the key mysteries of the economic theories. At the beginning of the 1760s a sustained and rapid growth in per capita income occurred all over the word and since then the broad history of economic institutions has still quite important. This research paper relies on the conceptual framework of IPRs. However, the academic literature has claimed that the presences of these institutions are essential elements of a well-functioning economy, but intellectual property has come to mean not only the right to own and sell, but also the right to regulate its use. Moreover several unexploited dilemmas have still remained in practice. In order to support the theoretical insights we inspect to overview the trademarks growth tendencies in various OECD countries. In this perspective we followed a specific taxonomy of the traditional Nice Classes (NCL) to identify the distribution and the growth changes of these property right applications in a specific sectoral approach. Besides determining the differences with some comparative statistics in the branches, we could also demonstrate the economic importance of trademark applicants that place on the protection of brands in the service-oriented industries. However, there was falls in due to the last economic crisis; it seemed to follow a persistent and substantial growth path again. In this sense, we could also suggest the better valorization of IPRs that must be considered in a context to facilitate SMEs’ access to the benefits of globalised markets in these industries

Evaluation of different predicting methods in forecasting Hungarian, Italian and Greek lamb prices

The Hungarian sheep sector has become a one-market sector, almost the whole amount of slaughter lamb went to Italy. It would worth to exploit possibilities in other European markets. Such markets can be the Spanish and Greek for ”light” and the French, German and English markets for ”heavy” lambs. The European lamb prices are characterized by large seasonal fluctuation and the degree and timing of changes are different. Due to these seasonal changes, the producers often suffer great losses. Study of the literature on lamb sales called for an analysis of price forecasting. In my study, I performed a forecasting of lamb prices in Hungary, Italy and Greek for the period between 1996 and 2007 based on the data of the European Committee. Among the forecasting methods, Seasonal Decomposition and SARIMA models are the most precise, producers can achieve a better market position by using these in the practice

Information content of a sports undertaking’s statements serving different purposes – particularly with reference to the player rights

In the 21st century, sport is not just a fun, social cohesive force but also a business; it has become an independent industry by now and several countries possess developed sport markets. According to estimates, sport accounts for 4% of the EU’s GDP. The actuality of our research is given by the fact that the economic aspect of sports develops continuously which is also due to that more and more amounts already stream into sports in our days. In Hungary, sport is mainly state aided and has mostly financing problems while the sport businesses existing in the more developed Western Europe are principally sponsored by the private sector. The government considers sport as a strategic branch (HERCZEG et al, 2015) and manages as such because they see the international breakthrough potencies in sport as well. Sport companies must also adapt the business-based thinking, which requires the strategic planning and operation (BECSKY, 2011). The research covers the subject of economic approach of the players’ rights. The task of accounting is to give a true and fair image about the property, income and financial situation of an undertaking. Information provided by accounting is essential for both the management decisionmaking and the market operators. In Hungary, the sports undertakings, as each managing entity, have to prepare their statements according to the Act C of 2000 on Accounting (AoA.) (NAGY – BÁCSNÉ BÁBA, 2014). The purpose of this research is to examine how a domestic sports undertaking demonstrates the value of available players in the books and how the incomes and expenditures incurred with the players are accounted for, based on the regulations of the Hungarian, international associations and the Union of European Football Associations (hereinafter: UEFA). In order that the leaders of the businesses can make quick and appropriate economic decisions, it is essential in this intensively changing world that an enterprise should have a well-functioning accounting system based on up-to-date information. International Financial Reporting Standards (hereinafter: IFRS) are intended to provide the comparability across borders. Firstly, we deal with the accounting reporting system, both the Hungarian, international financial reporting standards and, relating to UEFA, the investigation of the intangible assets to a great extent during analysing the balance sheets. Then, we examine the income statements from the viewpoint player transfers. To what extent the rules of a statement laid down by UEFA differ from the ones of a statement prepared according to AoA? What is the difference in domestic and international relations? In this study, we search after the answers for questions mentioned before

Evaluation of different predicting methods in forecasting Hungarian, Italian and Greek lamb prices

The Hungarian sheep sector has become a one-market sector, almost the whole amount of slaughter lamb went to Italy. It would worth to exploit possibilities in other European markets. Such markets can be the Spanish and Greek for ”light” and the French, German and English markets for ”heavy” lambs. The European lamb prices are characterized by large seasonal fluctuation and the degree and timing of changes are different. Due to these seasonal changes, the producers often suffer great losses. Study of the literature on lamb sales called for an analysis of price forecasting. In my study, I performed a forecasting of lamb prices in Hungary, Italy and Greek for the period between 1996 and 2007 based on the data of the European Committee. Among the forecasting methods, Seasonal Decomposition and SARIMA models are the most precise, producers can achieve a better market position by using these in the practice.forecasting, lamb prices, comparison, Agricultural and Food Policy,

Financing and operating questions of sports facilities

This paper tends to present financing and operating questions of sports facilities. Infrastructure is very important for the sport businesses. Sports facilities and sports institutions, infrastructure development, and their legal, financial, accounting conditionality can be defined by the investors and the government (subsidies, taxes, etc.). Financial questions and IT background of facility management can be crucial for the enterprises interested in operating sports businesses. The paper focuses on these kinds of aspects of facility management based on practical examples

Specialities of the Corporate Tax in Connection with the Sports Organizations

In 2004 Hungary joined the EU, therefore its tax system is harmonized with EU directives and its trade with the EU is liberalized and exempt from customs restrictions. In the past few years Hungarian government introduced significant corporate tax advances in order to increase Hungary’s competitiveness for foreign capital. With the flat 10% corporate tax rate, Hungary has one of the the lowest corporate income tax rate in the European Union. Since 2011 new corporate tax incentive was adopted in order to create a tax advantageous economic environment for supporting the five most popular team sports in Hungary, namely, football, handball, basketball, water polo and ice hockey. The following article provides a rough guide on the corporate taxation – in particular of sport organizations in Hungary