The impacts of free universal elderly care on the supply of informal care and labour supply

This paper investigates the impact of introducing universal free formal personal care on informal caregiving behaviour in Scotland – in particular, we explore the extent to which free formal care might crowd out the supply of informal care. We estimate, in a difference-in-differences framework, that such a reform would: reduce the probability of co-residential informal caregiving (usually, provided by spouses) by around 18% and, conditional on co-residential caring, reduce such informal care by 1.3 hours per week. These estimates suggest that an additional hour of formal care displaces approximately 1 hour of such informal care. However, we find no displacement effect on extra-residential informal caring (often supplied by adult daughters). We also find evidence of increases in labour market participation and hours worked

How Might People Near National Roads Be Affected by Traffic Noise as Electric Vehicles Increase in Number? A Laboratory Study of Subjective Evaluations of Environmental Noise - Fig 2

<p>Subjective ratings for full-spectrum (a) and filtered (b-e) auralizations, plus combined preference ratings for the full-spectrum sounds (f), as a function of percentage of EVs in the auralization. Legend applies to a-e only; error bars in (f) represent standard errors of the mean</p

Mean preference ratings for simulated 100% conventional and 100% electric vehicle traffic noise.

<p>The five pairs show the five filtering conditions. Error bars represent standard errors of the mean</p

Cohen-Friendly association plot displaying the extent to which appliances became associated with the three clusters.

<p>Cohen-Friendly association plot displaying the extent to which appliances became associated with the three clusters.</p

Phylogenetic tree depicting the structure of the three clusters revealed during the analysis using Ward’s method with Manhattan distances.

<p>Phylogenetic tree depicting the structure of the three clusters revealed during the analysis using Ward’s method with Manhattan distances.</p

A representative screenshot of the test software in use.

<p>A representative screenshot of the test software in use.</p

Agglomeration height plotted against the corresponding number of clusters using Ward’s method with Manhattan distances.

<p>Agglomeration height plotted against the corresponding number of clusters using Ward’s method with Manhattan distances.</p

Demographic information for the two subsamples.

<p>Demographic information for the two subsamples.</p

A critical scoping review of the connections between social mission and medical school admissions: BEME Guide No. 47

<p><b>Background:</b> Despite a growing focus on the social accountability of medical schools, there has been no substantive review of admissions related to the social mission of medical schools. This paper reports on a critical scoping review of the connections between social mission and medical school admissions.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Searches of seven bibliographic databases identified 1258 unique articles. After filtering for relevance, 71 articles were considered for final review. The results of the data extraction were synthesized using a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Five reviewers conducted 149 data extractions from 71 papers. Social missions tended to focus either on access and equity issues for applicants from underrepresented populations or on the career choices of medical graduates and how they meet particular social needs. The connection between social missions and admissions was often implied but rarely considered or evaluated directly. There was a notable absence of empirical evidence, with calls for reform or program descriptions far outweighing the number of papers based on empirical findings.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Despite the move to social missions in medical education, there remains little direct connection between missions and admissions and little evidence reflecting the efficacy or impacts of making this connection.</p

Additional file 3: of The macro-economic determinants of health and health inequalities—umbrella review protocol

Search strategy for Medline. (DOCX 94 kb