Importance of Simpson/Shinshu Grading in Meningioma’s Excision, Outcome and Recurrence

Objective:  The study was aimed to determine the recurrence rate and recurrence-free survival of meningioma surgery with reference to Simpson grading of excision. Material and Methods:  The study was conducted in the Department of Neurosurgery, Punjab Institute of Neurosciences (PINS), Lahore. Total 325 patients both male and female of age (13 – 70 years) with supratentorial grade I meningioma operated. The craniotomy with maximum safe excision of the meningioma was done in all patients under general anesthesia. All patients followed-up to one year clinically and radiologically. MRI brain plain and IV contrast were done at 6 months and then annually. The extent of resection was determined with the help of operative notes and post-op MRI and recurrences were studied with help of follow-up MRI. Results:  There were 227 female and 98 male patients in ages 13 – 70 years. The mean age of patients was 53.5 years. 227 (70%) skull base meningioma, 71 (22.0%) convexity meningioma, and 26 (8%) falx or tentorium meningioma were operated. We achieved Simpson grade I excision in 55 (17.45%), grade II in 208 (64%), grade III in 23 (7%), and grade IV in 36 (11%) cases. The median recurrence free survival (RFS) with reference to Simpson grading of excision was 250, 120, 98, 80 months for grades I, II, III, and IV excision; it was statistically significant according to the grading of excision.  Conclusion:  Excision of meningioma up to grades I and II had an excellent outcome with minimum chances of complications

The Impact of Public Expenditure Components on Economic Growth in Pakistan.

This study examines the relationship between health expenditure, expenditure on education, Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Military Expenditure, Fiscal Balance (Deficit) and economic growth in Pakistan. The period of study is from 1972 to 2015. ARDL Bounds Testing approach for co-integration and ECM Technique were applied to study the long run and short run relationship among the above mentioned variables. “Granger Causality Test” was applied to find out the direction of causality. The results reveal a long run relationship between Military Expenditure, Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Fiscal Balance and Economic Growth. The results of “ECM” show the short run relationship among these variables. However, there is no long run relationship between Health Expenditure, Expenditure on Education and Economic Growth. The speed of adjustment is high which 62.28% is. “Granger Causality” test reveals that “causality runs from Military Expenditure to Economic Growth”. It further reveals causality from health expenditure to fiscal balance and from fiscal balance to Military Expenditure. It is concluded that fiscal policy has an important role in boosting economic growth

The Interrelationship between Money Supply, Inflation, Public Expenditure and Economic Growth

This study examines the association between money supply, inflation, government expenditure, and economic growth in Pakistan from 1972 to 2015. “ARDL Bounds Testing Approach” for “Co-integration and ECM Technique” were applied to study the long and short run relationship among the above mentioned variables. “Granger Causality Test” was applied to find out the direction of causality. The results find a long run association between Economic Growth, Government Expenditure, and Inflation. The results of “ECM” show the short run relationship among the above mentioned variables; however, the speed of adjustment is slow which slightly less than 20% is. “Granger Causality” test reveals that “causality runs from Inflation to Economic Growth” while causality between Inflation and Government Expenditure. Inflation and Money Supply is bidirectional. It is concluded that both monetary and fiscal policies have an impact on economic growth

The Impact of Public Expenditure Components on Economic Growth in Pakistan.

This study examines the relationship between health expenditure, expenditure on education, Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Military Expenditure, Fiscal Balance (Deficit) and economic growth in Pakistan. The period of study is from 1972 to 2015. ARDL Bounds Testing approach for co-integration and ECM Technique were applied to study the long run and short run relationship among the above mentioned variables. “Granger Causality Test” was applied to find out the direction of causality. The results reveal a long run relationship between Military Expenditure, Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Fiscal Balance and Economic Growth. The results of “ECM” show the short run relationship among these variables. However, there is no long run relationship between Health Expenditure, Expenditure on Education and Economic Growth. The speed of adjustment is high which 62.28% is. “Granger Causality” test reveals that “causality runs from Military Expenditure to Economic Growth”. It further reveals causality from health expenditure to fiscal balance and from fiscal balance to Military Expenditure. It is concluded that fiscal policy has an important role in boosting economic growth

The Interrelationship between Money Supply, Inflation, Public Expenditure and Economic Growth

This study examines the association between money supply, inflation, government expenditure, and economic growth in Pakistan from 1972 to 2015. “ARDL Bounds Testing Approach” for “Co-integration and ECM Technique” were applied to study the long and short run relationship among the above mentioned variables. “Granger Causality Test” was applied to find out the direction of causality. The results find a long run association between Economic Growth, Government Expenditure, and Inflation. The results of “ECM” show the short run relationship among the above mentioned variables; however, the speed of adjustment is slow which slightly less than 20% is. “Granger Causality” test reveals that “causality runs from Inflation to Economic Growth” while causality between Inflation and Government Expenditure. Inflation and Money Supply is bidirectional. It is concluded that both monetary and fiscal policies have an impact on economic growth

A STUDY REGARDING THE COPING STRATEGIES OF STRESS AMONG COLLEGE PLAYERS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA- PAKISTAN

There is wide recognition that stress has close association with sports and subsequently with athletes and players. This very fact formulated the basis to investigate the “Coping strategies of stress adopted by College players of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa”. For the purpose literature and related researches were reviewed and descriptive, quantitative, and non-contrived survey was conducted. All college players of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were the population of the study in which a sample of 490 was drawn having 50% male and 50% female subjects. A research tool-questionnaire was developed and pilot tested having Cronbach alpha value as 0.87. The data was collected in person and analyzed through SPSS. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The data analysis revealed that college players use different strategies to manage their stress such as keeping busy in physical activities, warm up exercises, taking up long breathing exercise and talking to team mates. The responses of male and female college players were compared and their expression regarding coping mechanism was almost similar. On the bases of conclusions of the study, it is proposed that proper guidance and counseling services can make beneficial contribution in order to overcome or minimize the stress and to enhance their performance

Kinetika raspodjele kanamicina u mula.

The disposition kinetics of kanamycin was investigated following an injection of a single intravenous dose 5 mg/kg body mass in healthy adult female mules. Blood samples collected at various time intervals post-medication were analyzed for kanamycin by microbiological assay. The plasma drug concentration versus time data was best fitted by a biexponential expression. Macro-kinetic parameters were computed for a two-compartment open model. Values for distribution half-life (t1/2á)) and elimination half-life (t1/2 ß) were 0.18 ± 0.26 and 4.39 ± 0.68 h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) was 0.64 ± 0.17 L/kg. Total body clearance (ClB) of the drug was 1.66 ± 0.22 ml/min.kg. Existing dosage of 5 mg/kg body mass at 24 h intervals does not maintain the desired minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at the end of proposed dosing intervals. Calculated optimal dosage regimen for kanamycin in mules was 8.73 and 7.45 mg/kg body mass for priming and maintenance, respectively, for a dosage interval of 12 h to maintain the concentration of 2 μg/ml in blood.Istražena je farmakokinetika raspodjele kanamicina u zdravih, odraslih mula nakon jednokratne intravenske primjene u dozi 5 mg/kg tjelesne mase (t.m.) u zdravih odraslih mula. Uzorci krvi uzeti u različitim vremenskim razmacima bili su pretraženi na količinu kanamicina mikrobiološkim testom. Koncentracija lijeka u plazmi u odnosu na vrijeme najviše je odgovarala bieksponencijalnoj krivulji. Za izračunavanje farmakokinetièkih pokazatelja rabljen je dvoprostorni otvoreni model. Rezultati su pokazali da je poluvrijeme raspodjele lijeka (t1/2α) iznosilo 0.18 ± 0.26, a poluvrijeme eliminacije (t1/2β) 4.39 ± 0.68 sati. Prividni volumen raspodjele lijeka (Vd) bio je 0.64 ± 0.17 l/kg, a ukupni klirens (ClB) 1.66 ± 0.22 ml/min/kg. Dozom 5 mg/kg t.m. jedanput na dan nije postignuta željena minimalna inhibicijska koncentracija (MIC) na kraju doznog razmaka. Izračunato je da je optimalna udarna doza kanamicina za mule iznosila 8.73, a doza održavanja 7.45 mg/kg t.m. Pritom se lijek mora primjenjivati svakih 12 sati da bi se postigla koncentracija u krvi 2 mg/ml

A New Weighting Scheme in Weighted Markov Model for Predicting the Probability of Drought Episodes

Drought is a complex stochastic natural hazard caused by prolonged shortage of rainfall. Several environmental factors are involved in determining drought classes at the specific monitoring station. Therefore, efficient sequence processing techniques are required to explore and predict the periodic information about the various episodes of drought classes. In this study, we proposed a new weighting scheme to predict the probability of various drought classes under Weighted Markov Chain (WMC) model. We provide a standardized scheme of weights for ordinal sequences of drought classifications by normalizing squared weighted Cohen Kappa. Illustrations of the proposed scheme are given by including temporal ordinal data on drought classes determined by the standardized precipitation temperature index (SPTI). Experimental results show that the proposed weighting scheme for WMC model is sufficiently flexible to address actual changes in drought classifications by restructuring the transient behavior of a Markov chain. In summary, this paper proposes a new weighting scheme to improve the accuracy of the WMC, specifically in the field of hydrology