Detection of Nutrient-Related SNP to Reveal Individual Malnutrition Risk

Malnutrition is a result of complicated reasons from diet and food behavior and also related to genetic background which has been revealed by studies in recent decades. Traditionally, nutrition status are measured and expressed with indexes of anthropometric, diet survey, clinical symptom, biochemistry, behavior, etc. These measurement has been used in national nutrition monitoring, clinic nutrition therapy, mother and children nutrition care, nutrition intervention projects, and scientific studies. However, genetic and epigenetic information on nutrition explain malnutrition in a genetic view that would supply additional new theory and methodology for the growing requirement in terms of personalized and precise nutrition. In this chapter, an introduction on the detection of nutrient-related SNP to reveal individual malnutrition risk is discussed

Application status of cell models in clinical nutrition research

Traditional clinical nutrition research mostly stay at the stage of human and animal experiments. Cell model experiment has gradually become an important way in clinical nutrition research nowadays. Firstly, this review mainly summarizes the cells commonly used in nutrition research and gives a general introduction of diseases in clinical nutrition using cell models such as atherosclerotic cardio-cerebrovascular disease, sarcopenia, kidney diseases, tumor, gastrointestinal diseases, liver damage, allergic inflammation, burns and so on. Then it focuses mainly on the diseases which are the leading death causes of the Chinese residents, reviewing the use of cell models the advantages as well as their scientific significance and the development and application trend of cell model (3D cell, cytome, microfluidic, high throughput and high content). Finally, the limitations of cell model experiments in clinical nutrition are summarized, and new technologies used in cell model experiments of clinical nutrition are prospected

Prevalence of Malnutrition and Associated Factors of Stunting among 6–23-Month-Old Infants in Central Rural China in 2019

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of malnutrition and to investigate the associated factors of stunting among 6–23-month-old infants in poor rural areas of central China. The China Nutrition Improvement Project on Children in Poor Areas was conducted in 56 national-level poor counties of seven provinces in 2019. We performed a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis to determine the associated factors of stunting. This cross-sectional study included 17,193 infants. The overall prevalence of stunting was the highest (3.9%), followed by overweight (3.0%), underweight (2.1%), wasting (2.0%), and obesity (0.5%). Girls [OR = 0.55, 95% CI (0.46, 0.65)], infants meeting requirements of minimum diversity diet [OR = 0.81, 95% CI (0.67, 0.98)], and mothers with middle-school or high-school education and above decreased the prevalence of stunting. Infants with diarrhea in two weeks [OR = 1.26,95% CI (0.98, 1.62)] were at higher odds of stunting. The malnutrition status in the study areas was improved, and vulnerable infants were found to need additional and earlier monitoring to detect and fundamentally prevent undernutrition

Complementary Feeding and Malnutrition among Infants and Young Children Aged 6–23 Months in Rural Areas of China

This study investigated the nutrition and complementary feeding (CF) of infants and young children (IYC) aged 6–23 months in rural areas of China in 2018 and explored the relationship between CF and nutritional status. We measured the length and weight, calculated the z-scores, and detected micronutrients in the hair. The status of CF was obtained from the respondents by a 24-h dietary recall. IYC were classified into clusters using a two-step cluster analysis. The CF and nutritional status of each cluster were analyzed and compared. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and overweight in the IYC in rural Chinese areas was 7.1%, 3.0%, and 3.7%, respectively. The median levels of Ca, Fe, and Zn in hair were 550.10 µg/g, 62.94 µg/g, and 132.86 µg/g, respectively. The prevalence of meeting the requirements of minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD) was 68.9%, 77.9%, and 46.4%, respectively. IYC with a higher prevalence of MDD, MMF, and MAD were more inclined to maintain a healthy status. The prevalence of undernutrition and overweight of 6- to 23-month-old IYC in rural areas of China was low. However, lack of trace elements was evident, and MAD prevalence remained low

Prevalence and Temporal Trend (2016–2018) of Anaemia among 6–23-Month-Old Infants and Young Children in China

Anaemia is a public health problem that can lead to various harmful effects on physical and neurodevelopment in infants and young children (IYC). This study aimed to investigate trends of anaemia and haemoglobin concentration among 6- to 23-month-old Chinese IYC from 2016 to 2018. We used data from the China Nutrition Improvement Project on Children in Poor Areas (CNIPCPA), conducted in 142 national-level poor counties of 20 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities from 2016 to 2018. Our study included 103,621 6- to 23-month-old IYC selected by a stratified multistage cluster sampling design. There were 26,303, 33,443, and 43,875 IYC in the survey in 2016, 2017, and 2018, respectively. The overall prevalence of anaemia was 27.0% in the three years. The prevalence of anaemia was 28.0%, 27.2%, and 26.2%, and the mean haemoglobin (Hb) was 11.82, 11.81, and 11.88 g/dL in 2016, 2017, and 2018, respectively. The prevalence of anaemia was highest in 6- to 11-month-olds, and declined with age. There was a gap in the education level between parents. However, the percentage of education improved in the rural areas of China. The prevalence of anaemia decreased significantly in the three years, which shows that prevention and control actions achieved the initial results

Effects of the Duration of Ying Yang Bao Consumption on Hemoglobin Concentration in Infants and Young Children in Less Developed Areas of China

Ying Yang Bao (YYB) is conventionally prescribed as a nutritional supplement to infants and young children (IYC) in less developed areas of China. However, whether 18-month YYB consumption is reasonable needs assessment. This study examined the influence of the duration of YYB consumption on hemoglobin (Hb) levels and anemia prevalence. Data from the Nutrition Improvement Project on Children in Poor Areas of China in 2018–2019 were used. Questionnaires were used to collect information on basic characteristics, dietary status, and YYB consumption. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance confounders. Hb levels and anemia prevalence in IYC with different durations of YYB consumption were compared. After PSM, all covariates were well-balanced, and 1151 pairs of IYC were included in subsequent analyses. During the 1st–9th months of intervention, YYB effectively increased Hb levels and reduced anemia prevalence in the intervention group. During the 10th–18th months of intervention, Hb levels in the control group increased and anemia prevalence decreased, while Hb levels and anemia prevalence fluctuated in the intervention group. In conclusion, YYB was effective in improving nutritional status of infants, but had a limited effect in young children. Nutritional supplements with different quantities or nutrients should be considered for young children

The Subject Social Status of Private Entrepreneurs and Their Firms’R&D Investments：An Empirical Analysis of More than Twenty Years’Survey Data

【中文摘要】本文从影响个体行为的一个重要内在特征——主观社会地位的视角分析中国私营企业家的创新投入行为。基于全国私营企业调查二十余年数据（ 1993～2014 年）的研究结果显示：①中国只有 1/3 的私营企业进行创新投入，年平均创新投入强度只有销售收入的 1%，即使只对有创新投入的私营企业进行统计，私营企业的研发投入也只占销售收入的 2.39%；②中国私营企业家自认为其在中国社会中的经济、社会和政治地位处于中等水平；③私营企业家的主观地位与私营企业的创新投入决策、创新投入金额及创新投入强度都有显著的正向关系，即主观地位越高的私营企业家，其在创新投入上力度越大。 【Abstract】The paper analyzes the research and development（R&D）investment decisions of Chinese private entrepreneurs from the perspective of subjective social status，which is an important inherent characteristic determining individual behavior. Based on the data of the National Private Enterprise Survey for the period of 1993-2014，our results show that（1）only one-third of private enterprises in China make R&D investments. For all private enterprises，the average ratio of annual R&D investments to total revenue is only about 1%，and this figure is 2.39% for those with non-zero R&D investments；（2）Chinese private entrepreneurs consider themselves enjoying a median level of economic，social，and political status in the hierarchy of Chinese society；（3）private entrepreneurs’ subjective status is significantly positively related to whether they make R&D investments and，if they do，the amount and intensity of their R&D investments. In other words，private entrepreneurs having a higher level of subjective social status tend to invest more in R&D.本文受到教育部人文社会科学研究基金“内部人亲属持股与交易行为的公司财务效应”（ 15YJ630171）的资助

Data from: Prevalence and causes of anaemia in children aged 6-23 months in rural Qinghai, China: findings from a cross-sectional study

Objective: To investigate the current situation of anaemia among children aged 6-23 months in a rural county in China, and to explore the influencing factors and the main causes of anaemia. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Huzhu County in Qinghai Province, China. Participants: We selected 38 sampled villages using Proportional to Population Size sampling method. We obtained the name list of children aged 6-23 months in each sampled village and planned to survey all the eligible children aged 6-23 months and their caregivers. Primary and secondary outcomes measures: The prevalence of anaemia, the influencing factors of anaemia, the laboratory tests for biological causes of anaemia, including serum ferritin, sTfR, folic acid, Homocysteine and Vitamin B12. Results: A total of 754 children aged 6-23 months and their caregivers were surveyed, and 183 anaemic children aged 12-23 months were collected venous blood sample. The anaemia prevalence of children aged 6-23 months in Huzhu County was 59.1%. Children of younger age (OR=0.968, 95%CI 0.940, 0.998), Tibetan nationality (OR=3.123, 95%CI 1.473,6.623) and not introducing meat (OR=0.698, 95%CI 0.499,0.976) were more likely to be anaemic. More than 80% of children with anaemia were due to iron deficiency, and 20.2% of them had both iron and folic acid deficiencies. Conclusions: The anaemia prevalence of children aged 6-23 months in Huzhu County was high and children of younger age, Tibetan nationality and not introducing meat were more likely to be anaemic. The main cause of anaemia was nutritional anaemia, with the vast majority being iron deficiency. Interventions of feeding counseling and nutrients supplements are appropriate and should be further strengthened

Fabrication of uniform alginate-agarose microcapsules loading FeSO4 using water-oil-water-oil multiple emulsions system combined with premix membrane emulsification technique

In this study, the uniform alginate-agarose microcapsules entrapping FeSO4 were successfully fabricated by premix membrane emulsification technique combined with ionic crosslinking solidification method. It was the first time to employ four phase emulsions system of W-1/O-1/W-2/O-2 for encapsulating FeSO4 into alginate-agarose microcapsules. We systematically investigated how the preparation parameters including type of oil phase and emulsifier, concentrations of alginate and agarose and volume ratios between oil and water phase influenced the stability of emulsions, the morphology and size distributions of microcapsules and loading efficiency of FeSO4. We found that the stability of emulsion was improved with the increase of viscosity and density of outer oil phase (O-2), the concentration of emulsifier as well as the volume ratio between inner water phase and inner oil phase (W-1/O-1) within a certain range. Besides, loading capacity of Fe2+ in alginate/agarose microcapsules presented an increase tendency with the decrease of the volume ratio between external water phase (W-2) and primary emulsion [W-2/(O-1/W-1) (v/v)], and also decreased with the concentration of W-2