Quercetin action on pain modulation/ Ação da quercetina sobre a modulação da dor

Background: Quercetin is a flavonoid widely found in plant kingdom and target of studies in pharmacological area due to its potent antinociceptive effect compared to analgesics used in conventional therapies. The aim was to evaluate its antinociceptive activity and antinociception mechanism. Methods: For this, 40 Norvegicus Wistar rats were used, divided into 4 groups: Q50 (treated with quercetin 50 mg/Kg), Q100 (treated with quercetin 100 mg/Kg), Q500 (treated with quercetin 500 mg/Kg) and Positive control (PC) without quercetin treatment), who were submitted through the pain induction methods by tail immersion and formalin in the first step to assess antinociceptive action and in the second step, tail immersion method receiving antagonists from opioid, cholinergic and nitric oxide - L-arginine to evaluate the action mechanism. Results: Quercetin antinociceptive activity was verified at the dose of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg in tail immersion test after formalin injection, with better performance at the dose of 50 mg/kg. There were no statistically significant results in paw opening and capsaicin tests. Quercetin demonstrated a possible influence on opioid and cholinergic pathway, which was not observed on the nitric acid - L-arginine pathway in view of parameters tested. Conclusion: Quercetin performed the best antinociceptive activity at a dose 50 mg/kg and there was a possible influence on opioid and cholinergic pathways

Pain neuromodulation exerted by Ruta graveolens aqueous extract in experimental models of nociception/ Neuromodulação da dor exercida pela Ruta graveolens extrato aquoso em modelos experimentais de nocicepção

Introduction: The use of medicinal plants for therapeutic purposes has been common practice since antiquity. Ruta graveolens L., commonly known as rue, has been shown to have antiparasitic, antioxidant, antibacterial and allelopathic activity. Objective: The objective was to investigate the antinociceptive effect of rue, as well as the mechanisms behind this effect. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 40 male Norvegicus (Wistar) rats, randomly divided into a positive control and three treatment groups administered Ruta graveolens L. aqueous extract at the following doses: 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg, p.o. The experimental models of nociception used in this study to assess effectiveness of the treatments were the formalin and capsaicin tests. Five days prior to nociceptive challenges, the tail immersion assay was conducted to determine baseline pain threshold. Results: Antinociceptive activity was observed at Ruta graveolens L. aqueous extract concentrations of 50 mg/kg and 100mg/kg. 500 mg/kg induced pro-nociceptive activity with activation of the L-arginine-oxide-nitric system. Conclusion: These results suggest Ruta graveolens L. aqueous extract antinociceptive activity, and possible antagonism towards receptor

Caracterização de idosos atendidos em unidade básica de saúde através do nível de Atividade Física / Characterization of elderly people attended in a primary health care unit by level of Physical Activity

O envelhecimento caracteriza-se pela deterioração progressiva na função das células, tecidos e órgãos, levando ao declínio das funções fisiológicas, como perda de massa muscular, redução do fluxo sanguíneo, comprometimento no sistema imune, diminuição da capacidade energética, alteração da função cognitiva e capacidade reduzida para responder a estímulos de estresse. Neste sentido, a importância e os benefícios das atividades físicas nesta população são cada vez mais evidentes. O Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (International Physical Activity Questionnaire – IPAQ) é um instrumento específico que permite estimar o tempo semanal gasto na realização de atividades físicas de intensidade moderada à vigorosa e em diferentes contextos da vida. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o nível de atividade física em idosos atendidos na rede básica de saúde no município de Guarapuava. O estudo foi realizado nos Serviços de Atendimento da Unidade Básica de saúde do munícipio de Guarapuava. A população alvo do estudo foi constituída de idosos com idade entre 60 e 90 anos. A amostra foi obtida por conveniência através do convite a idosos disponíveis e interessados em participar da pesquisa, através de entrevista usando o questionário IPAQ como método de avaliativo. A maioria dos idosos atendidos na UBS de Guarapuava avaliados, eram praticantes de atividade física de forma ativa.

Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease: New Perspectives

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was defined as a neurodegenerative disorder, being more affected in the elderly. It is estimated that every 3.2 seconds a person in the world is affected by the high disease that rate in 2050 to 1 second. Therefore, research has been carried out on new therapeutic approaches, such as Transcranial Photobiomodulation and treatment based on antioxidants, such as Resveratrol. Therefore, the objective is to conduct a literature review on these two approaches and their effects on the treatment of AD. It was carried out according to the PRISMA recommendation and the articles were selected according to the years of publication (between 2015 and 2020) and extracted from the following databases: Science Direct, PubMed PMC, Scopus, PubMed NCBI, SciELO, LILACS, MEDLINE and PEDro. In several studies it has been reported that both therapies provide improvements at the molecular and behavioral level, recovering brain functions, acting in a neuroprotective way, improving quality of life, with few adverse effects and in a less invasive way. Thus, both treatments have numerous benefits that can be useful in the treatment of AD. However, there is a need for further research that includes interventions with greater specificity and control, so that they are defined as ideal doses and treatment protocols

Comparative Study of the Efficacy of L-Tryptophan Nanoparticles on Motor and Cognitive Behavior in an Alzheimer's Experimental Model

Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, with cognitive as well as behavioral manifestations. Also related to this pathology, is the decreased production and activation of some neurotransmitters, such as Serotonin, which is derived from the Tryptophan. Different methods to improve the effect and performance of some drugs have been studied including the Nanoparticles. The objective was to analyze the efficacy of L-tryptophan and L-tryptophan Nanoparticles in the acute response of motor and cognitive behavior in an Alzheimer's experimental model. Methods: 15 Wistar rats, divided into 3 groups (n = 5): GC (Alzheimer's control group), GLt (L-tryptophan), and GN (Nanoparticles). They were treated for six consecutive days. Anxiety tests, spatial memory tests, aversive memory tests, and motor behavior tests were all performed during this study. In the analysis of anxiety, improvement was observed in both treatments, being that GN presented improvement in two variables: freezing (79±18.8; 74.6±14.2) and TBF (287.8±1.08; 268±40.8). GLt only presented improvement in freezing (103.8±44.4). In the spatial memory analysis, there were no significant differences in aversive memory and motor behavior during the treatments. During the Size Effect analysis treatments, it is possible to observe some differences both in anxiety and motor behavior, precisely where NG presented better results than GLt. Even in a short period of time, the nanoparticles demonstrated great benefits as a treatment method. Conclusion: the use of nanoparticles is an effective treatment against changes in motor and cognitive behavior caused by Alzheimer´s, as it lowers anxiety and improves motor behavior

STUDY OF L-TRYPTOPHAN IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF DEPRESSION CAUSED BY ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

<div><p>ABSTRACT Alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment commonly associated with mood disorders, which trigger depressive reactions and compromise mental performance and functionality. The objective of the present study was to verify the effects of L-tryptophan and to analyze motor behavior in an experimental model of depression caused by the Alzheimer’s disease process. The sample consisted of 40 Wistar rats divided equally into two groups, 20 animals treated with L-tryptophan and 20 control animals. Both groups received spatial memory training in the water maze task and were submitted to stereotaxic surgery to induce dementia. The treated group achieved better spatial memory activity than the control group in the Morris water maze. Treatment with L-tryptophan had beneficial effects on reactive memory.</p></div

Influencia del ejercicio físico agudo en el comportamiento cognitivo y motor en modelo experimental de Alzheimer

Introduction: Aging causes alterations in various executive and cognitive functions, mainly related to the incidence of dementia, especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several studies mention physical exercise as a preventive resource for depressive symptoms. Objective: To investigate the cognitive and behavioral alterations related to AD that are capable of slowing disease progression and its complications. Methods: The sample consisted of 10 male Wistar rats, divided into 2 groups (n = 5), swimming and Alzheimer + swimming, with a 6-day intervention protocol. The elevated plus maze test was used to assess anxiety, the Morris water maze for spatial memory, the isolation box for aversive memory, and the open field test to assay motor behavior. Results: There was improvement in spatial memory in the Swimming group (169 ± 142.9 x 24.2 ± 31.3), but motor behavior deteriorated after exercise. An increase in anxious behavior (8 ± 13.03 x 67.8 ± 48.1) was observed in the animals with AD. This is a relevant characteristic of the disease, which did not improve after acute exercise. By analyzing the size effect, it was possible to observe a difference in the Alzheimer + swimming group in terms of reduced anxiety and improved motor behavior after exercise. Despite the benefits of physical exercise for AD symptoms, there is still no consensus on the type of physical exercise and length of intervention necessary to achieve a positive response as a treatment method, since studies are yet to confirm this fact in an acute or chronic manner. Conclusion: Acute physical exercise was not fully effective as a means of treating behavioral alterations related to AD, but had a mean effect on the size effect analysis of motor behavior and anxiety, specifically. Level of evidence IV; Investigation of treatment outcomes.Introdução: O envelhecimento causa alterações de diversas funções executivas e cognitivas, principalmente relacionadas à incidência de demências, em especial, a doença Alzheimer (DA). Diversos estudos mencionam o exercício físico como um recurso preventivo de sintomas de depressão. Objetivo: Investigar as alterações cognitivas e comportamentais relacionadas à DA capazes de retardar a progressão da doença e suas complicações. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 10 ratos Wistar machos divididos em 2 grupos (n = 5), Natação e Alzheimer+Natação, com protocolo de 6 dias de intervenção. Foram realizadas avaliações da ansiedade pelo teste de labirinto elevado em cruz, memória espacial pelo labirinto aquático de Morris, memória aversiva pelo teste de aversão em caixa de isolamento e comportamento motor por meio do teste Open Field. Resultados: No grupo Natação houve melhora na memória espacial (169 ± 142,9 x 24,2 ± 31,3), porém verificou-se comportamento motor pior depois do exercício. Igualmente, observou-se aumento do comportamento de ansiedade (8 ± 13,03 x 67,8 ± 48,1) nos animais com DA, característica relevante da doença, que não apresentou melhora após o exercício agudo. Através da análise do Size effect foi possível observar que houve diferença no grupo Alzheimer+Natação na diminuição da ansiedade e melhora do comportamento motor após o exercício. Apesar dos benefícios do exercício físico para os sintomas da DA, ainda não existe um consenso sobre o tipo de exercício e o tempo de intervenção necessários para que se tenha uma resposta positiva como método de tratamento, uma vez que ainda não existem estudos que comprovem esse fato de maneira aguda ou crônica. Conclusão: O exercício físico de forma aguda não se mostrou totalmente eficaz como tratamento das alterações comportamentais com relação à DA, porém obteve um efeito médio na análise pelo Size effect sobre o comportamento motor e a ansiedade, especificamente. Nível de evidência IV; Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.Introducción: El envejecimiento causa cambios de diversas funciones ejecutivas y cognitivas, relacionadas con la incidencia de demencias, en especial, la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). Diversos estudios mencionan el ejercicio físico como un recurso preventivo de síntomas de depresión. Objetivo: Investigar las alteraciones cognitivas y de comportamiento relacionadas a la EA capaces de retardar la progresión de la enfermedad y sus complicaciones. Métodos: Diez ratas Wistar machos divididas en 2 grupos (n = 5), Natación y Alzheimer+natación, con protocolo de intervención de 6 días. Se realizaron evaluaciones de la ansiedad por la prueba del laberinto elevado en cruz, memoria espacial por el laberinto acuático de Morris, memoria aversiva por la prueba de aversión en caja de aislamiento y comportamiento motor por de la prueba de campo abierto. Resultados: En el grupo Natación hubo mejoría en la memoria espacial (169 ± 142,9 x 24,2 ± 31,3), pero se observó comportamiento motor peor después del ejercicio. También se observó un aumento del comportamiento de ansiedad (8 ± 13,03 x 67,8 ± 48,1) en los animales con EA, característica relevante de la enfermedad, que no presentó mejoría después del ejercicio agudo. A través del análisis del Size effect fue posible observar que hubo diferencia en el grupo Alzheimer+Natación en la reducción de la ansiedad y de mejora del comportamiento motor después del ejercicio. A pesar de los beneficios del ejercicio físico en los síntomas de la EA, todavía no hay consenso sobre el tipo de ejercicio físico y el tiempo de intervención necesarios para tener una respuesta positiva como método de tratamiento, ya que aún no existen estudios que demuestren ese tipo de hecho agudo o crónico. Conclusión: El ejercicio físico de forma aguda no fue totalmente eficaz como tratamiento de las alteraciones de comportamiento con relación a la EA, pero obtuvo un efecto promedio en el análisis por el Size effect sobre el comportamiento motor y la ansiedad, específicamente. Nivel de evidencia IV; Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento