„A szakmai közösségnek tudnia kell ezekről a problémákról”. A plágium kezelése a magyar egyetemi gyakorlatban

Erdőben, hegyek közt barangolva egy patakról csak akkor tudhatjuk, mit visz, honnan jön, hová tart, milyen forrásokból táplálkozik, ha vesszük a fáradságot és nyomon követjük. A kutatás nyomozás, annak feltárása, mi hová vezet, minek mivel van összefüggése, mi mire hat, ki kire hatott, kit akartak elkerülni vagy elhallgatni egyes szerzők, illetve kiket tekintenek kiemelkedő jelentőségűnek. Ez a feltárás ugyanakkor nemcsak idő és fáradság, hanem élvezet és öröm is annak, akinek megvan ehhez a munkához az igyekezete, kedve, motivációja. Nem mindig lehet mindent nyomon követni: a patakok időnként elbújnak, majd hirtelen, váratlanul bukkannak elő, és nem tudhatjuk biztosan, ez már egy másik vagy a korábbi vízfolyás

Agens koji je izoliran cijepljenjem iz pitospora [Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait] bez panašire

A pathogen, transmissible by means of bark grafting, has been isolated from Pittosporum tobira plants showing dendritic-like vein clearing, yellowish chlorotic spots, leaf roll, terminal rosettes and leaf deformation symptoms. The material has been found and collected around Dubrovnik and the Peninsula of Lapad at the Yugoslav seashore. This disease is somewhat similar symptomatologically to the vein clearing virus disease of Pittosporum. Nevertheless, the pathogen isolated by us could not be transmitted mechanically. Further investigations are required in order to solve the question of whether Pittosporum vein clearing disease, Pittosporum variegation disease, and Pittosporum dendritic vein yellowing disease — a name proposed for the disease described here — are caused by the same pathogen, and to establish the virus or mycoplasma nature of these pathogens. According to our preliminary observations, leafhopper species (not yet identified), which occur on Pittosporum tobira in a large number, play a possible role in the spread and distribution of the pathogen. Main aims of further investigations in this field are the identification of possible insect vectors, determination of mode of transmission of the pathogen, as well as host range studies.Pomoću cijepljenja korom izoliran je iz vrste Pittosporum tobira patogeni agens koji je na toj biljci uzrokovao simptome u obliku prosvjetljivanja žila nalik na dendrite, žućkastih klorotičnih pjega, uvijanja lista, stvaranja vršnih rozeta i deformacija lista. Materijal je sakupljen na obali oko Dubrovnika i poluotoka Lapada. Ta bolest, koju sam ovdje opisao, po simptomima ponešto nalikuje na virusnu bolest prosvjetljivanja žila pitospora, proučenu i opisanu već ranije (Corte 1957). Međutim, patogeni agens nismo mogli prenijeti mehaničkom ino- kulacijom. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja da se riješi pitanje da li isti uzročnik izaziva bolest prosvjetljivanja žila pitospora, bolest šarenila pitospora (Brierley 1944) i bolest dendritskog žućenja žila pitospora. Posljednji naziv predlažem za bolest koju sam ovdje opisao. Isto tako trebalo bi raščistiti pitanje da li je uzročnik virus ili mikoplazma. Prema mojim prethodnim istraživanjima na širenje uzročnika vjerojatno utječu neke vrste cvrčaka; te vrste nisu još identificirane, a vrlo su česte na pitosporu

Possibilities for exploitation of agricultural wastes and by-products in South-Eastern Hungary

By 2030, the EU could be reducing its energy use by more than a third and generate almost half of the remainder from renewables. Renewable energy sources from farm products - energy from plants and animal materials - are becoming increasingly important in Hungarian energy systems, too. The wide variety of available biomass feedstocks, conversion technologies, and integration strategies offer a broad range of feasible bioenergy scenarios. The main objective of present study is to estimate the regional amount of agricultural biomass and assess the possibilities of the development of the utilization. In Hungary a small part of biomass from agricultural source is used for human consumption, 4.5-5 million tons. 16-17 million tons are used for feeding animals, and a 6-7 million tons are processed by industries. A great majority of biomass supplies the nutrients of the soils. Roots of plants and trees constitute a 7-8 million ton quantity, straws and stems of annual crops comprise 12-14 million tons and manures compose 5-6 million tons annually. At moment, a limited part of biomass from annual crops are utilised as energy source. The most primary products used for biofuels is maize, and in changeable extent, rapeseeds. Straw of cereals are produced 4-4.5 million tons from which animal husbandry and industry uses 1.6-1.7 million tons. The rest (2.4-2.8 million tons) could be utilised for renewable energy

Agens koji je izoliran cijepljenjem iz pitospora [Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait] bez panašire

A pathogen, transmissible by means of bark grafting, has been isolated from Pittosporum tobira plants showing dendritic-like vein clearing, yellowish chlorotic spots, leaf roll, terminal rosettes and leaf deformation symptoms. The material has been found and collected around Dubrovnik and the Peninsula of Lapad at the Yugoslav seashore. This disease is somewhat similar symptomatologically to the vein clearing virus disease of Pittosporum. Nevertheless, the pathogen isolated by us could not be transmitted mechanically. Further investigations are required in order to solve the question of whether Pittosporum vein clearing disease, Pittosporum variegation disease, and Pittosporum dendritic vein yellowing disease — a name proposed for the disease described here — are caused by the same pathogen, and to establish the virus or mycoplasma nature of these pathogens. According to our preliminary observations, leafhopper species (not yet identified), which occur on Pittosporum tobira in a large number, play a possible role in the spread and distribution of the pathogen. Main aims of further investigations in this field are the identification of possible insect vectors, determination of mode of transmission of the pathogen, as well as host range studies.Pomoću cijepljenja korom izoliran je iz vrste Pittosporum tobira patogeni agens koji je na toj biljci uzrokovao simptome u obliku prosvjetljivanja žila nalik na dendrite, žućkastih klorotičnih pjega, uvijanja lista, stvaranja vršnih rozeta i deformacija lista. Materijal je sakupljen na obali oko Dubrovnika i poluotoka Lapada. Ta bolest, koju sam ovdje opisao, po simptomima ponešto nalikuje na virusnu bolest prosvjetljivanja žila pitospora, proučenu i opisanu već ranije (Corte 1957). Međutim, patogeni agens nismo mogli prenijeti mehaničkom ino- kulacijom. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja da se riješi pitanje da li isti uzročnik izaziva bolest prosvjetljivanja žila pitospora, bolest šarenila pitospora (Brierley 1944) i bolest dendritskog žućenja žila pitospora. Posljednji naziv predlažem za bolest koju sam ovdje opisao. Isto tako trebalo bi raščistiti pitanje da li je uzročnik virus ili mikoplazma. Prema mojim prethodnim istraživanjima na širenje uzročnika vjerojatno utječu neke vrste cvrčaka; te vrste nisu još identificirane, a vrlo su česte na pitosporu

A Structural Empirical Analysis of Retail Banking Competition: the Case of Hungary

In this paper we analyze the degree of competition in the Hungarian household credit and deposit markets. We estimate discrete-choice, multinomial logit deposit service and loan demand functions for each bank and calculate the corresponding price elasticities. Two models of the banking industry are considered: a static, differentiated product Nash-Bertrand oligopoly (as non-collusive benchmark) and a cartel. With estimated marginal costs and observed interest rates we calculate the price-cost margins and compare these to the theoretically implied ones. We find that in our sample period the competition in the Hungarian banking sector is low, i.e. price-cost margins are high.Demand, discrete choice, product differentiation, banking, market power.