KOMUNIKASI DATA PADA SISTEM PELAPORAN KECELAKAAN PERAHU NELAYAN BERBASIS LORA

The job of being a fisherman is very risky, many factors that become the threat of work lurking a fisherman. Traditional fishermen are not facilitated with communication equipment that can support the safety of fishermen. So when something happens that can harm the fishermen, it can not be handled immediately. In this research developed a wireless communication system based on LoRa to be able to monitor fishermen working at sea by online,consisting of node devices attached to boats and  gateways that function to forward data from  the node device  to the web server using the MQTTprotocol, so that boat data can be monitored through  the  thingsboard dashboard. Data monitored include the location of fishing boats ( longitude  and  latitude coordinates ),the slope of the fishing boat (degree of roll and pitch) and also early warning. Testing the reliability of LoRa communication in marine communication scenarios is carried out by testing the distance of data transmission, data length and data delivery speed setting / air data rate with Line of Sight  (LOS) condition at Sea directly. From the results of data transmission reliability testing using the communication module LoRa E32 915T20D is able to reach the furthest distance up to 2.4 Km with the data send speed setting at 0.3 kbps  with an average delivery time delay  / time on air that tends to increase with the increase in the length of data sent

Environmental Quality and Compliance with Animal Welfare Legislation at Swedish Cattle and Sheep Farms

Conflicts between different goals can obstruct progress in sustainability, but interests may also coincide. We evaluated relationships between environmental quality and animal welfare on Swedish farms with grazing livestock, using publicly available databases. Data were collected from 8700 official animal welfare inspections on 5808 cattle farms and 2823 inspections on 2280 sheep farms in 2012-2017. Compliance with three animal-based checkpoints was modeled using logistic regression, including a random farm effect to account for repeated inspections. Compliance was regressed on semi-natural grassland area, participation in the National Meadow and Pasture Inventory, Agri-Environmental Scheme (AES) grassland payments, presence of indicator plant species, and the presence of Natura 2000 habitats. Cattle farms complied more often if they received AES payments for grasslands of special values compared with if they did not apply for them (OR = 1.55-1.65; p <= 0.0001) and there was a similar tendency for cattle farms that applied for but were denied such payments (OR = 1.29; p = 0.074). There was also a strong tendency for Natura 2000 habitats on cattle farms to be associated with higher compliance (OR = 1.36; p = 0.059). These results suggest a direct or indirect causal effect of biodiversity on cattle welfare. The same associations could not be shown in sheep

Sustainable Grazing by Cattle and Sheep for Semi-Natural Grasslands in Sweden

Despite their importance for biodiversity and other ecosystem services, many semi-natural grasslands deteriorate or have even disappeared due to insufficient grazing and neglect. Preservation of grassland habitats depends on a good understanding of sustainable grazing management as well as effective agricultural policy measures that ensure long-term economic sustainability for the farmer. Through meta-evaluation and synthesis of previous investigations and discussion of scientific literature, we aimed to evaluate factors that determine the extent to which cattle and sheep in Sweden graze semi-natural grasslands instead of more productive land and what this means for biodiversity and sustainability. We also aimed to propose which practises and policy measures may be the most cost-effective to promote habitat quality and the sustainable use of grasslands. Results from a nationwide survey of Swedish farmers' attitudes towards agri-environmental payment schemes are discussed in relation to farm characteristics and other factors influencing the use of cattle and sheep for sustainable grazing. This study supports recommendations by environmental economists that payments should be targeted more strongly at the most valuable grasslands, emphasising the need for a more detailed and nuanced framework for classifying grasslands in Europe. A comparison with independent estimates of the area of agricultural land from nation-wide, sample-based monitoring shows that the data from official statistics normally used for nationwide evaluations are partly biased and of insufficient quality, underscoring the need for more sophisticated and precise methods for monitoring both overall trends and detailed environmental effects related to the preservation of semi-natural grasslands

Agriculturally Improved and Semi-Natural Permanent Grasslands Provide Complementary Ecosystem Services in Swedish Boreal Landscapes

\ua9 2024 by the authors. Permanent grasslands cover more than a third of European agricultural land and are important for a number of ecosystem services. Permanent grasslands used for agriculture are broadly separated into agriculturally improved and semi-natural grasslands. High cultural and natural values linked to semi-natural grasslands are well documented. However, in boreal and hemi-boreal agricultural landscapes, less information is available about the areal coverage of improved permanent grasslands and their role for ecosystem service provision and biodiversity. In Sweden, grasslands are administratively separated into semi-natural (i.e., land that cannot be ploughed) or arable (i.e., improved temporary or permanent grassland on land that can be ploughed). We used data from a large-scale environmental monitoring program to show that improved permanent grassland (i.e., permanent grasslands on arable fields) may be a previously unrecognised large area of the agricultural land use in Sweden. We show that improved permanent grasslands together with semi-natural grasslands are both comparable but also complementary providers of a range of ecosystem services (plant species richness, plant resources for pollinators and forage amount for livestock production). However, as expected, semi-natural grasslands with the highest-level AESs (special values) show high species richness values for vascular plants, plants indicating traditional semi-natural management conditions and red-listed species. Improved permanent grasslands on arable fields are likely an underestimated but integral part of the agricultural economy and ecological function in boreal landscapes that together with high nature value semi-natural grasslands provide a broad range of ecosystem services

The Effects of Nitrogen Fertilisation on Plant Species Richness in European Permanent Grasslands: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nitrogen fertilisation is a common form of agricultural intensification, aimed at increasing biomass, which can affect plant species diversity and ecosystem functioning. Using a systematic review and meta-analysis of nitrogen fertilisation studies in European permanent grasslands, we asked: (i) what relationship form exists between nitrogen application rate and change in plant diversity, compared to zero fertilisation controls; and (ii) how grassland, management and study characteristics affect this relationship. Meta-analysis of 34 control-treatment effects from 14 studies conducted across nine European countries revealed a negative linear relationship between nitrogen fertilisation rate and change in plant species richness, equivalent to approximately 1.5 species/m(2) lost for every 100 Kg ha(-1) yr(-1) of nitrogen added. Fertilisation induced reductions in plant species richness were greater when defoliation rates were lower. We found some evidence that grasslands with a higher baseline plant diversity lost more species when fertilised compared to more species poor grasslands, although uncertainty was high. Due to the diverse grassland types included in the analysis, the variability in fertilisation-driven changes in plant diversity was high. We identified several remaining limitations to our understanding, including uncertainty about non-linear effects, which could aid efforts to optimise the trade-off of plant diversity and increasing grassland yields

Do biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiments inform stakeholders how to simultaneously conserve biodiversity and increase ecosystem service provisioning in grasslands?

Two key stakeholders primarily important for nature conservation are farmers (and their lobby groups) and conservationists. Both have substantial inputs into environmental strategies and policies calling for biodiversity conservation aimed to directly increase ecosystem services. The scientific literature concurs that as biological diversity increases so do ecosystem functions and services in grasslands. While the evidence for this is strong, the majority comes from controlled small-scale biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) experiments. Thus, it is unclear whether the scientific basis for implementing BEF relationships into practice is sufficiently evidenced. Here we explore the applicability of findings from BEF experiments to the conservation and management of temperate grassland, a widespread and potentially highly biodiverse habitat. While we acknowledge that BEF research can reveal insights into fundamental mechanisms, the saturation of biodiversity effects at low levels and unrealistic (management) treatments widely impede the applicability of these experimental results to permanent grasslands. Additionally, the integration of BEF research results into practice is considerably hampered by experimental studies not answering stakeholders' crucial questions, e.g. is there evidence of biodiversity conservation potentials? Thus, stakeholders do not have a strong evidence base for taking decisions for the addressed management goals, except intensive production in (species-poor) temporary grasslands. If BEF work is to inform stakeholders future research needs to overcome unrealistic management, missing stakeholder involvement and ineffective communication. A new generation of applied BEF experiments employing applied, multi-actor approaches is needed to facilitate the relevance of BEF research for nature conservation, agriculture and land management

Haematology profile of dogs with primary uterine inertia

Primary uterine inertia is the inherent inability of the uterus to contract and expel a fully grown foetus after the end of the gestation period, through a normal birth canal, in the absence of obstructive dystocia.There are conflicting reports regarding the blood parameters in parturient animals, and animals with dystocia and its role in uterine inertia are not well documented. Haematology analysis was performed in dogs with Complete Primary Uterine Inertia (CPUI, n=9) and Partial Primary Uterine Inertia (PPUI, n=6), as well as control animals with the Foetal Cause of Dystocia (FCD, n=7).Blood samples were collected from the study population and total leucocyte count (TLC), total erythrocyte count (TEC), differential leucocyte count (DLC), erythrocytic indices, haemoglobin and haematocrit values were estimated in an autoanalyzer. Haematology analysis revealed no significant difference between the groups. Differential leucocyte counts exhibited lymphocytosis across the groups suggestive of the active immune response related to CL lysis, a characteristic associated with the termination of the pregnancy in canines. Erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit revealed anaemia across the group. The study characterised the haematology profile of prepartum canines, which indicated anaemia associated with haemodilution and lymphocytosis associated with active immune status. It also proved that the haematology profile doesnot have any significant role in the pathogenesis of canine uterine inertia

Developmental competence of bovine oocytes in maturation media supplemented with follicular fluid exosomes

The present study evaluated the role offollicular fluid exosomes on the developmental competence of bovine oocytes. Ovaries from slaughtered crossbred cattle were collected, all visible surface follicles aspirated, and culture-grade oocytes were subjected to further study. Exosomes were isolated from bovine follicular fluid by differential ultracentrifugation. A total of 358 oocytes selected for the study were randomly divided into two groups. Group I constituted 111 oocytes, in which normal maturation was carried. Group II constituted 247 oocytes, in which in vitro maturation (IVM) medium was supplemented with follicular fluid exosomes at 1 μL/100 μL IVM medium. Maturation was assessed after 24h of culture in a CO2 incubator maintained at 38.5°C in 95 per cent humidified atmosphere of 5 per cent CO2. Following IVM of oocytes for 24 h, in vitro fertilisation (IVF)was carried out by co-incubating with capacitated spermatozoa for 18 h and embryo culture was carried out subsequently. In group II oocytes supplemented with exosomes, a significantly higher maturation rate (p ≤0.01) (95.80 ±1.67 vs76.10 ± 0.95), fertilisation rate (53.68 ± 3.02vs37.85 ± 7.01) and cleavage rate (p ≤0.01) (43.66 ± 2.13vs(32.47 ± 5.23) was noticed compared to oocytes in group I without any supplementation.The present study established that supplementation of follicular fluid exosomescould improve the developmental competence of bovine oocytes

Effects of deletion of the Streptococcus pneumoniae lipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase gene lgt on ABC transporter function and on growth in vivo

Lipoproteins are an important class of surface associated proteins that have diverse roles and frequently are involved in the virulence of bacterial pathogens. As prolipoproteins are attached to the cell membrane by a single enzyme, prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt), deletion of the corresponding gene potentially allows the characterisation of the overall importance of lipoproteins for specific bacterial functions. We have used a Δlgt mutant strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae to investigate the effects of loss of lipoprotein attachment on cation acquisition, growth in media containing specific carbon sources, and virulence in different infection models. Immunoblots of triton X-114 extracts, flow cytometry and immuno-fluorescence microscopy confirmed the Δlgt mutant had markedly reduced lipoprotein expression on the cell surface. The Δlgt mutant had reduced growth in cation depleted medium, increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, reduced zinc uptake, and reduced intracellular levels of several cations. Doubling time of the Δlgt mutant was also increased slightly when grown in medium with glucose, raffinose and maltotriose as sole carbon sources. These multiple defects in cation and sugar ABC transporter function for the Δlgt mutant were associated with only slightly delayed growth in complete medium. However the Δlgt mutant had significantly reduced growth in blood or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and a marked impairment in virulence in mouse models of nasopharyngeal colonisation, sepsis and pneumonia. These data suggest that for S. pneumoniae loss of surface localisation of lipoproteins has widespread effects on ABC transporter functions that collectively prevent the Δlgt mutant from establishing invasive infection