The Eco-Physiological Role of Microcystis aeruginosa in a Changing World

Among the bloom-forming cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa is one of the mostharmful species. The prevalence of toxic species and their toxicity profiles vary each yeardepending on environmental variables, despite their dynamics being not well understood.Imbalances in nutrient concentrations, the greater frequency and intensity of higher averagetemperatures and less severe winters, and the alternation between periods of positive andnegative precipitation anomalies were identified as conditions favoring the prevalence of M.aeruginosa. Similarly, dry periods (corresponding to a prevailing La Niña condition) wereeven more conducive to the formation of harmful algal blooms of pronounced intensity.Moreover, toxin production is temperature-dependent and some strains are capable ofproducing multiple microsystins (MCs). Thus, the role of environmental variables incontrolling the genetic expression of toxin synthetase of individual toxin-producing genesis still unknown.Fil: Giannuzzi, Leda. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Hernando, Marcelo Pablo. Red de Investigación de Estresores Marinos-costeros En América Latina y El Caribe; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentin

The effects of endogenous melatonin on brain tissue oxidative stress induced by photoperiodic alterations and iron overloading in rats

Melatonin is a potent endogenously occurring antioxidant with the pleiotropic activities to neurodegenerative diseases associated with brain oxidative damage. In this study, we examined the prolonged photoperiodic alterations and iron (Fe) overload on melatonin production and brain oxidative stress in rats. The result showed that the 15 days of constant light (CL) exposure did not low the melatonin production but the 15 days of constant darkness (CD) significantly increased serum melatonin level in rats. The Fe treatment in both CL and CD conditions significantly reduced endogenous melatonin levels and increased brain tissue lipid peroxidation. Fe as a toxic transition metal can induce Fenton reaction to generated hydroxyl radical which can damage the neuronal cell membrane and impair the brain antioxidant system. In the current study, we observed the imbalanced antioxidant defense alterations upon Fe treatment in rat brain including the increased levels of alpha-tocopherol (α-T) and total thiols and the reduced melatonin level and catalase (CAT) activity. We speculated that the reduced melatonin level caused by Fe was due to its consumption since melatonin served as a metal chelator and antioxidant. Understanding these aspects enhances knowledge of brain Fe metabolism and its role in neurodegenerative disorders as well as the potential protective effects of melatonin on this metal.Fil: Hernando, Marcelo Pablo. Universidad de Moron. Secretaria de Ciencia y Tecnologia. Instituto de Fisiologia y Neurociencias.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cogo Pagella, Joaquín. Universidad de Moron. Secretaria de Ciencia y Tecnologia. Instituto de Fisiologia y Neurociencias.; ArgentinaFil: Cervino, Claudio Osvaldo. Universidad de Moron. Secretaria de Ciencia y Tecnologia. Instituto de Fisiologia y Neurociencias.; Argentin

Efectos de la mezcla vertical sobre la síntesis a corto plazo de micosporinas (MAAs) en la diatomea antártica Thalasiossira sp.

One of the adaptations whereby phytoplankton can alleviate damage induced by ultraviolet radiation (280-400 nm) is the synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). The synthesis of MAAs was studied after exposure of the Antarctic diatom Thalassiosira sp. isolated from Potter Cove (South Shetland Is., Antarctica) to 2 treatments with a solar simulator: surface (Sfix) and vertical mixing (Mix) irradiance conditions. Light exposure was simulated in daily cycles with maximum irradiance at noon. Only 2 MAAs, Porphyra-334 (82-85%) and Shinorine (15-18%), were identified. The concentration of the two compounds increased during experimental light exposure (50-55%) and declined in the dark (10-15%). During the light period the synthesis rate of MAAs per unit of chlorophyll a was higher in the Sfix treatment (µ=0.17 h-1) than in the Mix treatment (µ=0.05 h-1). In spite of the higher MAA levels, low cell numbers were observed in the Sfix treatment, suggesting that the algae synthesized photoprotective compounds at the expense of growth. Our results document overlapping effects of both daily light cycles and vertical mixing affecting the synthesis of MAAs. This, and the high thermal dissipation of the ultraviolet B radiation energy (280-320 nm) absorbed by these substances, suggest a rapid photoadaptive response of Thalasiossira sp. upon exposure to elevated irradiance in a stratified water column, as well as the complementary role of vertical mixing in photo-protection.La síntesis de micosporinas (MAAs) es una de las adaptaciones por las cuales el fitoplancton puede reducir los daños inducidos por la radiación ultravioleta (UVR, 280-400 nm). La síntesis de MAAs fue estudiada después de la exposición de la diatomea antártica Thalasiossira sp., aislada en Caleta Potter (Islas Shetland, Antártica), a dos tratamientos: condiciones simuladas de irradiancia en superficie (Sfix) y mezcla vertical (Mix). La luz fue simu- lada utilizando un simulador solar con ciclos diarios con irradiancia máxima al mediodía. Sólo se identificaron dos MAAs, Porphyra-334 (82-85%) y Shinorina (15-18%). La concentración de ambos compuestos aumentó durante la exposición a la luz (50-55%) y declinó en oscuridad (10-15%). Durante el período de luz, la tasa de síntesis de MAAs (calculada para cada tiempo dividiendo cada valor por el valor correspondiente de clorofila a) fue mayor en el tratamiento Sfix (µ=0.17 h-1) comparada con el tratamiento Mix (µ=0.05 h-1). A pesar de la alta concentración de MAAs, se observó un bajo número de células en el tratamiento Sfix, sugiriendo que las algas sintetizan los compuestos fotoprotectores a expensas del crecimiento. Nuestros resultados documentan una superposición de los efectos de la luz y la mezcla vertical, afectando la composición de ambas familias de MAAs. Esto, junto con la alta energía de disipación de radiación ultravioleta B (UVBR, 280-315 nm) por estas substancias, reflejan una respuesta fotoadaptativa rápida de Thalasiossira sp. en su exposición a alta irradiancia en una columna de agua estratificada, así como también el rol complementario de la mezcla vertical como factor de fotoprotección

Seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in extreme southern South America (Beagle Channel, Argentina)

The phytoplankton biomass and composition dynamics in relation with environmental factors were explored during an annual cycle (July 2006–2007) for the first time in the Beagle Channel. Samples were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy and carbon biomass was estimated using measured cell biovolumes. The annual cycle was characterized by a sharp contrast between low density and biomass during the autumn–winter period and a significant increase during spring and summer. The maximum biomass peak was observed during early spring (141 μg C l− 1 and 8.7 μg Chl a l− 1) and was associated with a bloom of the diatom genus Chaetoceros. In spite of a strong nutrient depletion that lead to the subsequent bloom decline, a second peak of biomass was observed after 2 weeks, mainly represented by the diatoms T. mendiolana and T. anguste-lineata. Towards the end of spring and during summer diatom density decreased and assemblages were enriched by unidentified tiny phytoflagellates and dinoflagellates. A total of 138 taxa were identified during the study period. From these, 10 are known as potentially toxic species: Alexandrium catenella, A. ostenfeldii, A. tamarense, Dinophysis acuminata, D. rotundata, Prorocentrum cordatum, Pseudo-nitzschia australis, P. calliantha, P. fraudulenta and P. cf. seriata. Their presence is noteworthy since the area sustains a growing aquiculture production.Fil: Almandoz, Gaston Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Ficología; ArgentinaFil: Hernando, Marcelo Pablo. Universidad de Morón; ArgentinaFil: Ferreyra, Gustavo Adolfo. Université du Québec a Montreal; CanadáFil: Schloss, Irene Ruth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Ferrario, Martha Elba. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Ficología; Argentin

Effect of vertical mixing on short-term mycosporine-like amino acid synthesis in the Antarctic diatom, <i>Thalasiossira</i> sp.

One of the adaptations whereby phytoplankton can alleviate damage induced by ultraviolet radiation (280-400 nm) is the synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). The synthesis of MAAs was studied after exposure of the Antarctic diatom Thalassiosira sp. isolated from Potter Cove (South Shetland Is., Antarctica) to 2 treatments with a solar simulator: surface (Sfix) and vertical mixing (Mix) irradiance conditions. Light exposure was simulated in daily cycles with maximum irradiance at noon. Only 2 MAAs, Porphyra-334 (82-85%) and Shinorine (15-18%), were identified. The concentration of the two compounds increased during experimental light exposure (50-55%) and declined in the dark (10-15%). During the light period the synthesis rate of MAAs per unit of chlorophyll a was higher in the Sfix treatment (µ=0.17 h-1) than in the Mix treatment (µ=0.05 h-1). In spite of the higher MAA levels, low cell numbers were observed in the Sfix treatment, suggesting that the algae synthesized photoprotective compounds at the expense of growth. Our results document overlapping effects of both daily light cycles and vertical mixing affecting the synthesis of MAAs. This, and the high thermal dissipation of the ultraviolet B radiation energy (280-320 nm) absorbed by these substances, suggest a rapid photoadaptive response of Thalasiossira sp. upon exposure to elevated irradiance in a stratified water column, as well as the complementary role of vertical mixing in photo-protection

Shade delays flowering in Medicago sativa

Shade intolerant plants respond to the decrease in the red (R) to far-red light (FR) ratio (R:FR) occurring under shade by elongating stems and petioles and re-positioning leaves, in a race to out-compete neighbors for the sunlight resource. In some annual species, these shade-avoidance responses (SAS) are accompanied by the early induction of flowering. Anticipated flowering is viewed as a strategy to set seeds before the resources become severely limiting. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of SAS in perennial forage crops like alfalfa (Medicago sativa). To study SAS in alfalfa, we exposed alfalfa plants to simulated shade by supplementing with FR. Low R:FR produced a classical SAS, such as increased internode and petiole length but, unexpectedly, delayed flowering. To understand the molecular mechanisms involved in uncoupling SAS from early flowering, we used a transcriptomic approach. SAS were likely mediated by increased expression of msPIF3 and msHB2 in low R:FR. Constitutive expression of these genes in Arabidopsis led to SAS, including early flowering, strongly suggesting their roles are conserved. Delayed flowering was likely to be mediated by the downregulation of msSPL3, which promotes flowering in both Arabidopsis and alfalfa. Shade-delayed flowering in alfalfa may be important to extend the vegetative phase under sub-optimal light conditions and thus assure the accumulation of reserves necessary to resume growth after the next season. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Fil: Lorenzo, Christian Damián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Iserte, Javier Alonso. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Sanchez Lamas, Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Antonietti, Mariana Sofía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Garcia Gagliardi, Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Hernando, Carlos Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Dezar, Carlos Alberto Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Rosario. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Vazquez, Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Rosario. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Casal, Jorge José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Yanovsky, Marcelo Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Cerdan, Pablo Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Effects of salinity changes on coastal Antarctic phytoplankton physiology and assemblage composition

A natural marine phytoplankton assemblage from a coastal environment of Antarctica was experimentally exposed to low salinity sea water (30 vs 34 in the control) during 8. days in order to study their physiological and community responses to hypoosmotic stress conditions. Hypoosmotic conditions favour water influx into the cells, which results in increased turgor pressure and increased oxidative stress. This stress is linked to a number of other cellular toxic processes, including damages to proteins, enzyme inactivation and DNA breakage. Inhibition of the instantaneous growth rate started after 48. h exposure to low salinity, but at the end of experiment, growth was significantly higher in the low than in the normal (control) salinity treatment. Hypoosmotic conditions prevented phytoplankton biomass accumulation, as evidenced by reduced Chlorophyll-a concentrations as compared to the control treatment. However, in terms of cell numbers and species composition, we observed a gradual replacement of big centric by small pennate diatoms, which became dominant by the end of the experiment. In addition, the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), which are indicative of oxidative stress, were studied. In the low salinity treatments, ROS concentrations were significantly higher than control values on days 4 and 6, decreasing thereafter to nearly initial values. TBARS content increased during the first 48. h and then decreased until around day 0 values. This coincided with significant increased values of the antioxidants α-tocopherol and β-carotene in low salinity treatments over the control. These results suggest the existence of protection mechanisms against lipid peroxidation, and lead to the conclusion that the response to stress is species-specific, so that at the community level a change in the relative abundance of phytoplankton taxa appears as a response to hypoosmotic conditions. This could have important consequences for the trophic food web dynamics in areas influenced by high fresh water inputs.Fil: Hernando, Marcelo Pablo. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; ArgentinaFil: Schloss, Irene Ruth. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; Argentina. Institut Des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski; Canadá. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Malanga, Gabriela Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Almandoz, Gaston Osvaldo. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Division Ficología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ferreyra, Gustavo Adolfo. Institut Des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski; Canadá. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Aguiar, María Belén. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Puntarulo, Susana Ángela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; Argentin

Detection of the phycotoxin pectenotoxin-2 in waters around King George Island, Antarctica

In order to set a base line for the observation of planktonic community changes due to global change, protistan plankton sampling in combination with phycotoxin measurements and solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) was performed in two bays of King George Island (KGI) in January 2013 and 2014. In addition, SPATT sampling was performed in Potter Cove during a one-year period from January 2014 until January 2015. Known toxigenic taxa were not firmly identified in plankton samples but there was microscopical evidence for background level presence of Dinophysis spp. in the area. This was consistent with environmental conditions during the sampling periods, especially strong mixing of the water column and low water temperatures that do not favor dinoflagellate proliferations. Due to the lack of significant abundance of thecate toxigenic dinoflagellate species in microplankton samples, no phycotoxins were found in net tow samples. In contrast, SPATT sampling revealed the presence of dissolved pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and its hydrolyzed form PTX-2 seco acid in both bays and during the entire one-year sampling period. The presence of dissolved PTX in coastal waters of KGI is strong new evidence for the presence of PTX-producing species, i.e., dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis in the area. The presence of phycotoxins and their respective producers, even at the low background concentrations found in this study, may be the seed of possible proliferations of these species under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, phycotoxins can be used as chemotaxonomic markers for a very specific group of plankton thus allowing to track the presence of this group over time.Fil: Krock, Bernd. Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polarund Meeresforschung; AlemaniaFil: Schloss, Irene Ruth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego; ArgentinaFil: Trefault, Nicole. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; ChileFil: Tillmann, Urban. Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polarund Meeresforschung; AlemaniaFil: Hernando, Marcelo Pablo. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; ArgentinaFil: Deregibus, Dolores. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Antoni, Julieta Silvina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; ArgentinaFil: Almandoz, Gaston Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; ArgentinaFil: Hoppenrath, Mona. Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polarund Meeresforschung; Alemani

Detection of the phycotoxin pectenotoxin-2 in waters around King George Island, Antarctica

In order to set a base line for the observation of planktonic community changes due to global change, protistan plankton sampling in combination with phycotoxin measurements and solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) was performed in two bays of King George Island (KGI) in January 2013 and 2014. In addition, SPATT sampling was performed in Potter Cove during a one-year period from January 2014 until January 2015. Known toxigenic taxa were not firmly identified in plankton samples but there was microscopical evidence for background level presence of Dinophysis spp. in the area. This was consistent with environmental conditions during the sampling periods, especially strong mixing of the water column and low water temperatures that do not favor dinoflagellate proliferations. Due to the lack of significant abundance of thecate toxigenic dinoflagellate species in microplankton samples, no phycotoxins were found in net tow samples. In contrast, SPATT sampling revealed the presence of dissolved pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and its hydrolyzed form PTX-2 seco acid in both bays and during the entire one-year sampling period. The presence of dissolved PTX in coastal waters of KGI is strong new evidence for the presence of PTX-producing species, i.e., dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis in the area. The presence of phycotoxins and their respective producers, even at the low background concentrations found in this study, may be the seed of possible proliferations of these species under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, phycotoxins can be used as chemotaxonomic markers for a very specific group of plankton thus allowing to track the presence of this group over time.Este artículo tiene una corrección (ver "Documentos relacionados").Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Physiological responses and toxin production of Microcystis aeruginosa in short-term exposure to solar UV radiation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of short-term (hours) exposure to solar UV radiation (UVR, 280-400 nm) on the physiology of Microcystis aeruginosa. Three solar radiation treatments were implemented: (i) PAR (PAR, 400-700 nm), (ii) TUVA (PAR + UVAR, 315-700 nm) and (iii) TUVR (PAR + UVAR + UVBR, 280-700 nm). Differential responses of antioxidant enzymes and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production to UVR were observed. Antioxidant enzymes were more active at high UVR doses. However, different responses were observed depending on the exposure to UVAR or UVBR and the dose level. No effects were observed on the biomass, ROS production or increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) compared to the control when UVR + PAR doses were lower than 9875 kJ m-2. For intermediate doses, UVR + PAR doses between 9875 and 10 275 kJ m-2, oxidative stress increased while resistance was imparted through SOD and CAT in the cells exposed to UVAR. Despite the increased antioxidant activity, biomass decrease and photosynthesis inhibition were observed, but no effects were observed with added exposure to UVBR. At the highest doses (UVR + PAR higher than 10 275 kJ m-2), the solar UVR caused decreased photosynthesis and biomass with only activation of CAT by UVBR and SOD and CAT by UVAR. In addition, for such doses, a significant decrease of microcystins (MCs, measured as MC-LR equivalents) was observed as a consequence of UVAR. This study facilitates our understanding of the SOD and CAT protection according to UVAR and UVBR doses and cellular damage and reinforces the importance of UVR as an environmental stressor. In addition, our results support the hypothesized antioxidant function of MCs.Facultad de Ciencias Exacta