Why do children bully?

I, Elizabeth, first became affected by bullying when I was bullied as a child. I couldn’t understand why I was bullied, and why, even though some people were aware of this, it continued to happen. I was called racist names and physically assaulted, people used to spit in my hair, and sometimes, when I was hiding, several people would search for me to threaten and push me. As an adult looking back, I realise that as the bullying grew in severity, I became known and targeted as a ‘victim’. When I later researched bullying for my undergraduate degree, the academic literature made me feel ashamed of being a victim, particularly when I read a description from Salmivalli et al. about ‘helpless’ and ‘provocative’ victims1. I remembered what my experience felt like as a child: the cold sweats, being frightened of school every day, unable to concentrate on my work. I became weak, anxious and I could hardly eat

Walker-Assisted Gait in Rehabilitation: A Study of Biomechanics and Instrumentation

While walkers are commonly prescribed to improve patient stability and ambulatory ability, quantitative study of the biomechanical and functional requirements for effective walker use is limited. To date no one has addressed the changes in upper extremity kinetics that occur with the use of a standard walker, which was the objective of this study. A strain gauge-based walker instrumentation system was developed for the six degree-of-freedom measurement of resultant subject hand loads. The walker dynamometer was integrated with an upper extremity biomechanical model. Preliminary system data were collected for seven healthy, right-handed young adults following informed consent. Bilateral upper extremity kinematic data were acquired with a six camera Vicon motion analysis system using a Micro-VAX workstation. Internal joint moments at the wrist, elbow, and shoulder were determined in the three clinical planes using the inverse dynamics method. The walker dynamometer system allowed characterization of upper extremity loading demands. Significantly differing upper extremity loading patterns were Identified for three walker usage methods. Complete description of upper extremity kinetics and kinematics during walker-assisted gait may provide insight into walker design parameters and rehabilitative strategies

The Tourist Destination Image of Penang: Is TDI Affected by Sociodemographic Factors and Does TDI Influence Conative Behavior?

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether demographics plays a role in the formation of the tourists’ cognitive and affective image of the destination. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menyiasat sama ada factor-faktor sosio-demografik memainkan peranan dalam pembentukkan imej kognitif dan afektif pelancong-pelancong tentang sesuatu destinasi tertentu

The Influence of an Interdisciplinary Elementary Curriculum on Student Outcomes: Providing Cognitive Student Learning Through an Integrated Approach

In order to provide students at the elementary level a thorough and efficient method of learning, the integrated–interdisciplinary approach to teaching curriculum was explored to reveal the impact on student achievement of fourth graders across the state of New Jersey in a randomly selected grouping of 50 schools using integrated–interdisciplinary curriculum and 50 schools using subject-specific curriculum. The research was an investigation of the integrated–interdisciplinary approach to teaching when compared with subject-specific curriculum to explore the impact on student achievement. Integration of curriculum aligned to the state standards at the elementary level was a focus for this research; elementary curriculum is always expanding with the increased expectations from the demands of society. Using the state’s Grade 4 PARCC testing device to measure achievement over a 3-year time period revealed a significant positive difference in the outcome of student achievement for students using an integrated–interdisciplinary curriculum. These findings suggest a further consideration for using an integrated–interdisciplinary curriculum whenever possible at the elementary level for student learning. Throughout this research, the terms integration and interdisciplinary curriculum were utilized with an understanding that the terms may be interchangeable. The meaning produces the same outcome: a combination of various subject ideas taught in the same lesson to make connections across the curriculum

Effects of prescribed fire on eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)

Still in progres

Abusive parenting attitudes in parent training subgroups

The present study examines the abusive parenting attitudes of three subject populations (self-referred, abusive, and custody) in a parent training group. All subjects were administered the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI) before and after the parenting group. The hypothesis that all groups would make gains on the AAPI following the parent training intervention was not supported, with the exception of one AAPI construct (family roles) for the abusive subjects. It was revealed that the self-referred and custody groups\u27 scores were similar, both pre and post, on the AAPI. However, the abusive population differed from the other two groups, both pre and post, on only two constructs (developmental expectations and corporal punishment). Implications of this research and suggestions for further exploration are presented

Effects of Resource Allocation on Student Academic Achievement and Self-Perceptions of Success in an Urban Setting

Civil Rights legislation, now 50 years old, de facto segregation based on socioeconomic factors, such as poverty and ethnicity in urban areas translates into the surrounding schools, with a legacy of limited funding, reduced services, and teachers with limited training to successfully engage students in high poverty areas. This study is an examination of teacher perceptions of the effect of resource allocation on student academic achievement ands student self-perceptions of success. Within urban settings, districts have changed little to reduce de facto segregation in schools as a whole, and create equal opportunities for all children. What are the effects limited resource allocation has on student learning in urban elementary school districts? A review of the literature reveals that in school settings with a majority of students of color do not receive the same resources as schools with a majority of Caucasian students, thus limiting student learning in the classroom. Student self-perceptions may also be affected by resource allocation. This study follows a qualitative design using interview protocol with open-ended questions. Four teachers were purposely selected from schools with different populations and varying resource allocations. These teachers formed a purposive sample, two of whom are from a low wealth area and two are from a high wealth area. They were asked to participate in an interview, which explored their perceptions of the effect of resource allocation on student academic performance, comparing high wealth and low wealth school settings. Results indicated that there is a difference in the variety of resources students receive based on the school they attend. The main factor was the support from the parents and community. Those at a high wealth school donated much more than those at the low wealth school. The parents at a high wealth school worked to fund the salaries of additional specialty teachers for pullout classes such as art and music. While the parents at the low wealth schools may want these classes for their students, they don’t have the funds to do so

The Cytogenetics of the Salivary Gland Chromosomes of Three Wild Type Strains of Drosophila melanogaster

This investigation involves the cytogenetics of three strains of field-collected, wild-type Illinois Drosophila melanogaster. These three strains were collected from Charleston, Channahon, and Olney, Illinois, in 1967. The purpose of this study was to compare cytogenetically these three strains and to determine if there exists differences among them. First, the chromosomes themselves were studied for the purpose of identifying the four chromosomes of D. melanogaster by their characteristic banding patterns. Then, the chromosomes of the three strains were examined for chromosomal aberrations, principally inversions. The cytogenetics of the chromosomes of the three strains were then compared and contrasted. Photographs were taken of the chromosomes, the aberrations, and other chromosomal structures of cytogenetical significance to illustrate these similarities and dissimilarities, if any, among the three strains of Drosophila