Trophonella (Gastropoda: Muricidae), a New Genus from Antarctic Waters, with the Description of a New Species

The new genus Trophonella is described from the outer shelf and upper continental slope of Antarcticaand islands within the Antarctic Convergence. Four previously known species that had been attributed to the genusTrophon (Trophon scotianus Powell, 1951; T. echinolamellatus Powell, 1951; T. enderbyensis Powell, 1958; and T.eversoni Houart, 1997) are included in Trophonella, as is one new species (Trophonella rugosolamellata) describedherein. Trophonella resembles Trophon in gross shell morphology: the members of both genera have large, globoseshells, paucispiral protoconchs, prominent axial lamellae, and short siphonal canals. Trophonella differs fromTrophon in having shells with evenly rounded whorls that lack a well-defined shoulder; rachidian teeth withdistinctive, broadly triangular central cusps, but that lack the marginal cusps of Trophon; characteristic sphericalaccessory salivary glands; and a circumpapillar fold on the penis that is absent in Trophon. Relationships of thegenera Trophon and Trophonella, as well as of the subfamily Trophoninae are reexamined by supplementing the datamatrix of Kool (1993b, Table 3) with data for additional taxa. Results support the segregation of Trophonella fromTrophon at the generic level. Based on the relationships of the type species of their respective nominotypical genera,Trophoninae is either the sister taxon of a narrowly circumscribed Ocenebrinae, or both are part of a larger clade. Abetter resolved phylogeny containing a much broader sampling of the more than 50 genus-level taxa that have beenattributed to these two subfamilies will be required in order to delineate more precisely the membership of the cladeand to identify its diagnostic synapomorphies.Fil: Harasewych, M. G.. National Museum of Natural History; Estados UnidosFil: Pastorino, Roberto Santiago Guido. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentin

The Genus Cerion (Gastropoda: Cerionidae) in the Florida Keys.

The systematic relationships and phylogeography of Cerion incanum, the only species of Cerion native to the Florida Keys, are reviewed based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial COI and 16S genes derived from 18 populations spanning the range of this species and including the type localities of all four described subspecies. Our samples included specimens of Cerion casablancae, a species introduced to Indian Key in 1912, and a population of C. incanum x C. casablancae hybrids descended from a population of C. casablancae introduced onto Bahia Honda Key in the same year. Molecular data did not support the partition of C. incanum into subspecies, nor could populations be apportioned reliably into subspecies based on morphological features used to define the subspecies. Phylogenetic analyses affirmed the derived relationship of C. incanum relative to other cerionids, and indicated a Bahamian origin for the Cerion fauna of southern Florida. Relationships among the populations throughout the Keys indicate that the northernmost populations, closest to the Tomeu paleoislands that had been inhabited by Cerion petuchi during the Calabrian Pleistocene, are the oldest. The range of Cerion incanum expanded as the archipelago that is the Florida Keys was formed since the lower Tarantian Pleistocene by extension from the northeast to the southwest, with new islands populated as they were formed. The faunas of the High Coral Keys in the northeast and the Oölite Keys in the southwest, both with large islands that host multiple discontinuous populations of Cerion, are each composed of well supported clades that are characterized by distinctive haplotypes. In contrast, the fauna of the intervening Low Coral Keys consist of a heterogeneous series of populations, some with haplotypes derived from the High Coral Keys, others from the Oölite Keys. Individuals from the C. incanum x C. casablancae hybrid population inhabiting the southeastern coast of Bahia Honda Key were readily segregated based on their mitogenome lineage, grouping either with C. incanum or with C. casablancae from Indian Key. Hybrids with C. casablancae mitogenomes had haplotypes that were more divergent from their parent mitogenome than were hybrids with C. incanum mitogenomes

The role of taxonomic expertise in interpretation of metabarcoding studies

Abstract The performance of DNA metabarcoding approaches for characterizing biodiversity can be influenced by multiple factors. Here, we used morphological assessment of taxa in zooplankton samples to develop a large barcode database and to assess the congruence of taxonomic identification with metabarcoding under different conditions. We analysed taxonomic assignment of metabarcoded samples using two genetic markers (COI, 18S V1–2), two types of clustering into molecular operational taxonomic units (OTUs, ZOTUs), and three methods for taxonomic assignment (RDP Classifier, BLASTn to GenBank, BLASTn to a local barcode database). The local database includes 1042 COI and 1108 18S (SSU) barcode sequences, and we added new high-quality sequences to GenBank for both markers, including 109 contributions at the species level. The number of phyla detected and the number of taxa identified to phylum varied between a genetic marker and among the three methods used for taxonomic assignments. Blasting the metabarcodes to the local database generated multiple unique contributions to identify OTUs and ZOTUs. We argue that a multi-marker approach combined with taxonomic expertise to develop a curated, vouchered, local barcode database increases taxon detection with metabarcoding, and its potential as a tool for zooplankton biodiversity surveys

Coluzea Finlay 1926

Genus Coluzea Finlay in Allan, 1926 Synonymy: Coluzea Allan, 1926 (Type species: Fusus dentatus Hutton, 1877): Finlay, 1930a: 249; 1930b: 267; Dell, 1956: 47; 1963: 211; Harasewych, 1986: 156; 1991: 245; 2004:93. Harasewych and Fraussen, 2001: 171. Coluzea Finlay, 1926: (Type species: Fusus spiralis A. Adams, 1856). Marwick, 1942: 278. Coluzea Allan, 1927: Finlay, 1930a: 249; Dell, 1956: 47; Beu et al. 1969: 45 Coluzea Finlay, 1927: Powell, 1971: 220; Cernohorsky, 1977: 99: Maxwell, 1978: 38. Coluzea Finlay in Allan, 1926: Beu et al., 1990: 196. Coluzea Finlay in Allan, 1927: Darragh, 1969: 104. Type species. Fusus dentatus Hutton, 1877, by subsequent designation, Finlay, 1930a: 249. Diagnosis. Shell large (to 127.3 mm), fusiform, with tall conical spire, convex whorls, prominent peripheral keel that may be flange-like, bearing tubercles or open spines, weak to very weak anterior carina, long to very long, axial siphonal canal with spiral cords along its stouter, proximal portion and smooth, spirally twisted distal end. Protoconch variable among species, ranging from strongly angular with larger first whorl to cylindrical or evenly conical, consisting of 1⅓ to 2¾ whorls. Suture adpressed onto or slightly below anterior carina of prior whorl. Spiral sculpture generally dominant. Outer lip often furrowed beneath peripheral keel and prominent cords. Inner lip smooth, with outer surface of previous whorl resorbed prior to deposition of thin glaze. Shell color usually white. Pigmentation, when present, brown to tan, generally confined to regions between adjacent spines or tubercles. Rachidian teeth of radula with 3 cusps along U-shaped basal plate with broad, lateral expansions (e.g. Harasewych 1986: pl. 3, figs. 1–6). Remarks. As is evident from the complex synonymy, the authorship, date, and type species of Coluzea have been variously interpreted in the literature due to the appearance of the name Coluzea in species lists included in a paper by Allan [1926 (7 December)] that, despite specific instructions to the contrary, was published prior to the to the intended introduction of the genus by Finlay [1926 (23 December)]. Beu et al. (1969) clearly and succinctly summarized the complex history of Coluzea and other genus level taxa that appeared in both these publications, and requested rulings on these works by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. There has not been a ruling on this matter by the Commission. As Allan’s paper clearly states “issued separately 7th December, 1926” this must be considered the date of publication of Coluzea [Article 21.5 (ICZN, 1999: 22)]. The name Coluzea had been introduced into Allan’s paper by Finlay, who changed the nomenclature at the proof stage (Beu et al. 1969: 44). In a footnote to a list of taxa that includes Coluzea, Allan (1926: 291) acknowledged “For this and many other name changes and generic placings in this list, refer to Finlay … antea this volume.” Thus, the authorship of Coluzea is Finlay in Allan, 1926 [Article 50.1.1 (ICZN, 1999: 52)]. Two species were included in Coluzea in separate lists in Allan’s publication: Coluzea climacota (Suter, 1917) (Allan 1926: 291) and Coluzea dentata (Hutton, 1877) (Allan 1926: 304). In an effort to resolve the nomenclatural confusion, Finlay (1930a: 249) reported Fusus dentatus to be “the monotype of the genus” Coluzea. This fixed Fusus dentatus as the type species of Coluzea by subsequent designation of Finlay (1930a) [Article 69.1.1 (ICZN, 1999: 72)]. The genus Coluzea has an extensive fossil record in New Zealand, ranging from the Early Eocene [Mangaorapan (Ypresian)] to the Recent (Beu et al. 1990: 39). Middle to Upper Eocene records are known from the Paris Basin and southern England (Darragh 1969). In the Recent fauna, the genus ranges from southern Africa (Darragh 1969; Harasewych, 2004) to the eastern Indian Ocean (Harasewych 1986), eastern Australia (Darragh 1987), New Caledonia (Harasewych 1991) and New Zealand (Powell 1971). Although Coluzea is readily distinguished from Columbarium on the basis of several conchological and anatomical characters (e.g., protoconch morphology, strength of anterior carina, shape of the basal plate of the rachidian), it is far more similar to Fulgurofusus Grabau, 1904, a genus with a broader geological (Paleocene to Recent), geographical (western Atlantic, eastern and western Pacific) and bathymetric (bathyal to abyssal) ranges. Several authors (Finlay 1930b: 267–268; Darragh 1969: 99; Harasewych 1983b: 5; 1986: 158; 1991: 245) have noted the similarities between these taxa, yet retained them as separate genera based primarily on minor differences in protoconch morphology and the absence of a columellar lamina in Fulgurofusus.Published as part of Harasewych, M. G., 2011, The Living Columbariinae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Turbinellidae) of New Zealand, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 2744 (1) on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2744.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/529169

Fulgurofusus Grabau 1904

Genus Fulgurofusus Grabau, 1904 Synonymy: Fulgurofusus Grabau, 1904:86; Wenz, 1941: 1086; Shimer & Shrock, 1944: 507; Darragh, 1969: 99; Harasewych, 1983b: 5. Columbarium (Fulgurofusus) Bayer, 1971: 170. Type species. Fusus quercollis Harris, 1896, by original designation. Diagnosis. Shell of moderate size (to 86 mm), fusiform, with short or tall, conical spire, rounded whorls, peripheral keel that may be prominent and flange-like or a weakly nodulose cord, weak anterior carina, and stout, axial siphonal canal of moderate length. Protoconch cylindrical to weakly conical, of 1½–3 whorls. First whorl bulbous, deviated. Transition to teleoconch generally indistinct. Suture adpressed onto or slightly above anterior carina. Spiral sculpture of numerous fine threads and weak cords extending from suture to middle of siphonal canal. Early whorls with two closely adjacent cords along periphery, forming an incised furrow between them. Axial sculpture of small nodules along periphery, or low ribs extending from suture to siphonal canal. Outer lip porcellaneous, furrowed beneath periphery. Inner lip smooth, with outermost layers of previous whorls resorbed prior to deposition of a thin glaze that does not produce a raised lamina. Shell color uniformly white. Rachidian teeth of radula with 3 cusps on a U-shaped basal plate with prominent lateral expansions (e.g. Harasewych 1983b: fig. 9). Remarks. The genus Fulgurofusus is based on a Paleocene type species from the Gulf Coast of the United States. Several Eocene species have been reported from western North America and Antarctica. In the Recent fauna, Fulgurofusus is the most wide ranging genus within Columbariinae, extending from the Bering Sea to the Bounty Plateau along the western Pacific, and from the Blake Plateau to the Scotia Sea in the western Atlantic. Columbarium tomicici McLean & Andrade, 1982, from lower bathyal depths off Chile is likely referrable to Fulgurofusus [based on the lack of a raised columellar lamina and the presence of rachidian teeth with a laterally expanded basal plate (McLean & Andrade 1982: figs. 26–30)], further expanding the range of this genus. Unlike other columbariine genera, the bathymetric range of Fulgurofusus extends to the lower continental slope and onto the abyssal plain, especially near the poles. Finlay (1930b: 267–268) considered Fulgurofusus to be less advanced than Coluzea, and presumed it to be ancestral to Coluzea.Published as part of Harasewych, M. G., 2011, The Living Columbariinae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Turbinellidae) of New Zealand, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 2744 (1) on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2744.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/529169

Pterynotiis xenos, a new species of muricid from off northern Jamaica (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

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Attenuiconus marileeae, a new species of cone (Gastropoda: Conidae: Puncticulinae) from Cura\uc3\ua7ao

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Coluzea wormaldi Powell 1971

Coluzea wormaldi Powell, 1971 (Figures 36, 40, 43–61) Synonymy: Coluzea mariae (non Powell, 1952) Dell, 1963: 211, pl. 1, fig. 4. Coluzea wormaldi Powell, 1971: 221–222, fig. 17. Columbarium (Coluzea) wormaldi Powell, 1979: 170, pl. 37, fig. 3. Diagnosis. Shell large, broad, fusiform, with a very long, distally twisted siphonal canal. Spire short, broadly conical (spire angle 44–48˚), with low, compressed whorls. Cord adjacent to periphery most pronounced of spiral cords between suture and periphery. Peripheral keel nodulose, with prominent spiral cord between periphery and weak anterior carina. Protoconch broadly conical, of ~1⅓ whorls. Teleoconch with up to 8 whorls. Axial sculpture of 12– 20 low ribs with prominent nodular tubercles along periphery and, in some specimens, on immediately adjacent spiral cords. Shell color uniformly white. Description. Shell (Figures 43–55) large (to 110.1 mm), thin, with short, conical spire (spire angle 44–48˚), small, rounded aperture, very long axial, siphonal canal. Protoconch (Figures 58, 59), tall, conical, of weakly inflated, heavily eroded whorls increasing in diameter from 400 µm to 1.75 mm in ~1⅓ whorls. First whorl deflected from shell coiling axis by ~32˚. Transition to teleoconch marked by strong shoulder followed by onset of weak spiral threads, and, within ¼ whorl, by peripheral keel with 11–12 broadly rounded tubercles per whorl. Teleoconch of 7½–8 roundly convex, broadly ovate whorls. Suture (Figure 49, s) adpressed onto or just beneath spiral cord along weak anterior carina (Figure 49, ac) of previous whorl. Spiral sculpture of: smooth area adjacent to suture, 1 strong and 0–4 weaker spiral cords nearer periphery, short, laterally directed peripheral keel (figure 49, pk), 1 prominent cord between periphery and anterior carina (may be stronger than carina), 3–4 strong cords between carina and siphonal canal, 5–11 progressively weaker cords along proximal ⅓ of siphonal canal. Fine to very fine spiral threads between major cords. Axial sculpture of weak to moderately strong axial ribs producing tubercles or nodes along peripheral keel (10–12 broad, undulating tubercles on early whorls, 17–20 strong to weak, bead-like nodes on last whorl of larger specimens), occasionally on adjacent spiral cords (e.g., Figures 43–45, on spiral cords anterior to peripheral keel, Figures 49–52, on spiral cord posterior to peripheral keel). Orthocline growth striae most pronounced between adjacent spiral cords. Aperture ovate, tapering anteriorly, narrower in juveniles, more rounded with increasing shell size (Figures 47 →49→53→43), deflected from shell axis by 24–28˚. Outer lip thinly glazed, furrowed beneath peripheral keel, adjacent spiral cords. Inner lip smooth. Portions of outer shell layer comprising surface sculpture resorbed along parietal region, columella and siphonal canal prior to deposition of thin porcellaneous glaze. Siphonal canal very long (52–56% shell length), narrow, axial, thin, with proximal ⅓ straight, distal ⅔ spirally coiled. Shell color uniformly white. Periostracum thin, straw colored, finely lamellose. Operculum (Figures 56, 57) broadly rounded posteriorly, sharply tapered anteriorly, attached to columellar muscle along broadly ovate area confined to posterior 2/3 of operculum. Operculum weakly corrugated, its lateral edges thickened, its nucleus and free edges worn, abraded. Single, preserved, male specimen examined (Figures 53–55, SL = 78.0 mm). General anatomical organization same as that of Coluzea spiralis. Conspicuous differences include: lack of pigmented eyes, presence of a shorter penial papilla. Radular ribbon (Figures 60, 61) 4.95 mm long, with 118 rows of teeth. Rachidian teeth 118.9 µm wide, basal plate with U-shaped central section (49.2 µm wide), flanked by broad, rectangular, anteriorly skewed edges. Of 3 cusps, central cusp longest (56.0 µm), broadest, with tip reaching dimple in next posterior tooth. Lateral teeth with single, long (113.2 µm), scythe-shaped cusp, attached to radular ribbon along narrow, posterior edge of broadly triangular basal plate (49.2 µm wide). Type locality. (Figure 36,) E of Poor Knights Islands, North Island, in 549 m. Type material. Holotype, Auckland Museum, AK71334. The original publication identified 2 paratypes, also from the type locality, but did not specify where they were deposited. They are not in the collections of the Auckland Museum. Material examined. NORTH ISLAND: 1 NMNZ M.016272, 23 miles NE of Cuvier Island [36°20.0’S, 176°12.0’E], 476–494 m, 8 Nov. 1962. RV IKATERE; 18 NMNZ M.090102, E of Aldermen Islands [37°00.0’S, 176°16.0’E], 380–420 m, Oct. 1987, FV TRINITY; 1 NMNZ M.081465, SE of Aldermen Islands [37°01.0’S, 176°14.8’E], 357– 312 m, mud, 24 Jan. 1981, RV TANGAROA; 3 USNM 702121, off Alderman Islands, in 640 m, Jun. 1969; 4 NMNZ M.061039, c. 15 km NNW of Mayor Island [37°08.7’S, 176°14.2’E], 356–380 m, mud and pumice, 23 Jan. 1979, RV TANGAROA; 1 NMNZ M.060064, c. 15 km NNW of Mayor Island [37°08.8’S, 176°21.8’E], 512–632 m, mud, 23 Jan. 1979, RV TANGAROA; 2 NMNZ M.060997, c. 13 km NW of Mayor Island [37°09.6’S, 176°12.2’E], 293–348 m, mud and pumice, 22–23 Jan. 1979, RV TANGAROA; 3 NMNZ M.074627, W of White Island [37°10.9’S, 176°38.7’E], 685–705 m, mud, 23 Jan. 1981, RV TANGAROA; 2 NMNZ M.060195, c. 37 km E of Mayor Island [37°22.0’S, 176°40.0’E], 616–666 m, mud, 24 Jan. 1979, RV TANGAROA; 1 NMNZ M.060184, c. 43 km E of Mayor Island [37°23.5’S, 176°45.0’E], 631–666 m, mud, 21 Jan. 1979, RV TANGAROA; 1 NMNZ M.009740, Off Cape Palliser [41°39.5’S, 175°17’E], 91–366 m, 23 Feb. 1956; 1 NMNZ M.059653, Slope off Cape Palliser [41°42.0’S, 175°15’E], 461 m, mud, 9 Jan. 1979, RV TANGAROA. Additional material at NMNZ. NORTH ISLAND: 1 NMNZ M.183923, E of Great Barrier Island [36°18.0’S, 176°10.0’E], 430 m. 15 Oct. 2006, FV CHRISTMAS; 1 NMNZ M.131874, off Great Barrier Island, North Island, in 400 m. 1996; 1 NMNZ M.183810, ENE of Red Mercury Island [36°34.7’S, 176°10.7’E], 371–410 m, 2 Jun. 2006, FV CHRISTMAS; 2 NMNZ M.088350, E of Aldermen Islands [36°54.2’S, 176°17.4’E], 400 m, 22 Jun. 1987, FV TRINITY; 2 NMNZ M.088369, E of Aldermen Islands [36°59.0’S, 176°16.6’E], 430 m, 23 Jun. 1987, FV TRINITY; 22 NMNZ M.090001, E of Aldermen Islands [37°00.0’S, 176°16.0’E], 410–415 m, Jul. 1987, FV TRINITY; 1 NMNZ M.090202, E of Aldermen Islands [37°07.0’S, 176°15.0’E], 380–420 m, Dec. 1987, FV TRINITY; 1 NMNZ M.083868, off the Aldermen Islands, 549 m; 5 NMNZ M.278401, off Aldermen Islands, 475–550 m, Apr. 1969; 9 NMNZ M.090158, SE of Mayor Island [37°21.0’S, 176°26.0’E], 390–420 m, Nov. 1987, FV TRINITY; 2 NMNZ M.278400, between Mayor Island and Poor Knights Island, 365–550 m, Jan 1969, FV VALYRIE; 1 NMNZ M.0119038, S of White Island [37°36.3’S, 177°10.2’E], 337 m, 15 Jan. 1995, RV KAHAROA; 1 NMNZ M.0118397, off Cape Kidnappers [39°43.0’S, 177°35.3’E], 360 m, 4 Jun. 1994; 1 NMNZ M.0119058, off Cape Kidnappers [39°44.2’S, 177°33.3’E], 354 m, 17 Jan. 1995, RV KAHAROA; 3 NMNZ M.153117, off Cape Kidnappers [39°49.0’S, 177°28.0’E], 400 m; 2 NMNZ M.134566/1, off Waimarama [39°51.2’S, 177°20.9’E], 325 m, 5 Dec. 1996, FV BILYARA. Fossil specimens at NMNZ. NORTH ISLAND: 1 NMNZ M.0117612, cliffs W of Whangaimoana, Palliser Bay, Late Pliocene (Mangapanian), 1971. Distribution ( Figures 36, 40 ). Coluzea wormaldi inhabits the waters off the northern and eastern coasts of North Island. Records from the northern coast [n = 25] range in depth from 293 to 705 m, with a confirmed bathymetric range of 337–685 m, and a mean station depth of 459.3 m. Records from the eastern coast are fewer [n = 4] and have a range of 91 to 461 m, with a confirmed bathymetric range of 366–461 m, and a mean station depth of 353.6 m. Remarks. Coluzea wormaldi is most similar to C. spiralis, from which it can be readily distinguished on the basis of its shorter, broader spire (greater spire angle), with more compressed whorls (suture closer to periphery of preceding whorl), a protoconch that is conical and rounded rather than angular, and a proportionally longer siphonal canal. The shell of C. wormaldi is white. Anatomical differences include the lack of pigmented eyes in C. wormaldi, and a penial papilla that is shorter than that of C. spiralis. The geographic range of Coluzea wormaldi overlaps with those of Columbarium veridicum and Coluzea spiralis along the northern coast of North Island, and with Coluzea spiralis and C. altocanalis along the eastern coast of North Island. Coluzea spiralis is a species that dwells in shallower water, and its confirmed bathymetric range does not overlap with that of C. wormaldi. The type localities of Coluzea wormaldi and Columbarium veridicum are both off Poor Knights Island, the former from 549 m, the latter from 558– 622 m. Live specimens of both species have been collected together from a single RV TANGAROA station west of White Island, in 685–705 m (Columbarium veridicum, NMNZ M. 074626; Coluzea wormaldi, NMNZ M. 074627). Records of Coluzea wormaldi from along the eastern coast of North Island are fewer, and from somewhat shallower waters. Its confirmed bathymetric range [366–461 m] does not overlap with that of C. spiralis [32–274 m], nor with Coluzea altocanalis, which inhabits considerably greater depths [785– 880 m] off North Island.Published as part of Harasewych, M. G., 2011, The Living Columbariinae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Turbinellidae) of New Zealand, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 2744 (1) on pages 15-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2744.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/529169

Fulgurofusus marshalli Harasewych 2011, new species

Fulgurofusus marshalli new species. (Figures 117, 119–132) Diagnosis. Small species with strongly fusiform shell, tall, sharply stepped spire, shoulder with weak peripheral keel high on whorl, at or above midpoint between successive sutures. Protoconch conical, with 3 rounded whorls. Spiral sculpture of numerous cords, threads, adjacent cords along periphery producing incised furrow. Axial sculpture of strong, rounded ribs extending from suture to siphonal canal, most prominent along shoulder, forming nodules at intersection with peripheral keel on early whorls, more rounded on later whorls. Anterior carina with strong spiral cord. Aperture weakly angular along outer lip, rounded along parietal region and columella. Siphonal canal comparatively short (<½ shell length) stout, tapering distally. Description. Shell (Figures 120–129) of small to moderate size (to 43.3 mm), stout, with tall, stepped, conical spire (spire angle 35–38&ring;), narrow, ovate aperture, comparatively short, axial siphonal canal. Outer shell layers of early whorls, including protoconch, generally eroded. Protoconch (Figures 131–132) very tall, uniformly conical, with rounded whorls increasing in diameter from 435 µm to 1.8 mm in ~3 whorls. First whorl deflected from coiling axis of shell by ~40&ring;. Transition to teleoconch marked by onset of a weak shoulder followed almost immediately by thin, spiral threads and later by a weak peripheral keel (Figure 130, pk). Teleoconch of up to 6 whorls. Early whorls angular, later whorls more rounded. Suture (Figure 130, s) adpressed onto spiral cord along anterior carina (Figure 130, ac) of previous whorl. Spiral sculpture of 8–12 strong, narrow, equally spaced cords between suture and peripheral keel. Peripheral keel weak, comprised of two closely opposed cords forming an incised furrow between them. Furrow reduced by 4 th postnuclear whorl, disappearing as two cords fuse by 5 th postnuclear whorl. Spiral sculpture of: 6–9 cords and threads between peripheral keel and anterior carina; 4–5 between anterior carina and siphonal canal; 9–11 progressively diminishing cords along proximal &frac13; of siphonal canal. Axial sculpture of 9–14 rounded ribs, slightly narrower than intervening spaces, extending from suture to siphonal canal, most pronounced near periphery and anterior carina. Aperture narrowly ovate, slightly more rounded in larger specimens, deflected from shell axis by 21–25&ring;. Outer lip thin, smooth, evenly glazed, not furrowed beneath peripheral keel or anterior carina (Figure 130). Inner lip with thin, porcellaneous glaze along parietal region, columella, axial portion of siphonal canal. Siphonal canal axial, tapering distally. Shell surface generally worn or eroded. Periostracum, operculum, radula and anatomical features unknown, as all specimens dead collected or crabbed. Etymology. This new species honors Bruce Marshall for his many contributions to our knowledge and understanding of the molluscan fauna of New Zealand and of the deep sea. Type locality. (Figure 117,) Bounty Plateau [48°00.0’S, 180°00.0’E], 280 m, 13 Mar 1979, RV TANGAROA (NIWA I671). Type material. Holotype, NIWA 67594, 2 paratypes, NMNZ M.297047, from the type locality. Additional paratypes: 1 NMNZ M.297048, 1, NIWA I669; 1, USNM 1146129, Bounty Plateau [47°49.0’S, 179°45.7’E], 355 m, 13 Mar. 1979, RV TANGAROA; 1 NMNZ M.297045, Bounty Plateau [48°10.0’S, 179°45.0’E], 457 m, 14 Mar. 1979, RV TANGAROA; 1 NMNZ M.297050, 1, NIWA I682, Bounty Plateau [48°20.0’S, 179°49.5’E], 450 m, 15 Mar. 1979, RV TANGAROA. Distribution (Figures). Fulgurofusus marshalli is known only from the Bounty Plateau. This species has been reported from depths ranging from 280 to 457 m, with a mean station depth [n = 4] of 385.5 m, and a confirmed bathymetric range of 280– 457 m. Remarks. The shell of Fulgurofusus marshalli differs from that of comparably sized F. maxwelli in having: a more evenly conical protoconch; a less prominent peripheral keel that is obscured by far more prominent axial ribs, which are the dominant sculptural elements; a less pronounced anterior carina; a slightly narrower spire angle; and a more stepped spire, in which the peripheral carina is situated midway between the sutures of successive whorls. The strong axial sculpture of F. marshalli is reminiscent of Fulgurofusus (Peristarium) aurora, a species that inhabits roughly comparables depths in the Straights of Florida, and which differs in having stronger, rounder and more numerous axial ribs and stronger spiral cords, a proportionally smaller aperture, and a far stouter siphonal canal. Four species of Peristarium have been reported from off the Southeastern United States, yet none overlap in their bathymetric ranges. As in the western Atlantic, the strongest axial sculpture occurs in the shallowest dwelling species. Fulgurofusus marshalli is known only from the Bounty Plateau at depths ranging from 280 to 457 m. The broader geographic range of F. maxwelli includes the Bounty Plateau, where its confirmed bathymetric range extends from 516 to 917 m.Published as part of Harasewych, M. G., 2011, The Living Columbariinae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Turbinellidae) of New Zealand, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 2744 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2744.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/529169

A review of the Columbariinae (Gastropoda: Turbinellidae) of the western Atlantic with notes on the anatomy and systematic relationships of the subfamily

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