Caracterisation Agro-Morphologique Des Accessions D’arachide (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Pour La Teneur En Huile

In Niger, groundnut [Arachis hypogaea (L.)] is a leguminous crop cultivated in large area. Its seeds are used by oil industries. Groundnut oil is well appreciated by consumers notably in rural areas. The aim of this study was to select the accessions and taxa with high oil content and identify the oil content related traits. Thus, 20 accessions (9 local and 11 improved) belonging to 5 taxa types (FST, VUL, PRU, HYR, and HYB) were planted in randomized block design with three replications. Fifteen traits were investigated in field while oil content was quantified in laboratory. An analysis of variance was performed on all measured traits. Discriminant factorial analysis (AFD) was performed on taxon types, correlation between oil content and other traits was determined. Analysis revealed high and significant correlation between oil content and seed size. In the study, groundnut accessions ICG 8352 and ICG 9991 (oil content 52.8%) and taxon Fastigiata (oil content 48.52%) recorded highest oil content. Seed size and taxon type in groundnut could be criteria to select genotypes for oil industries

Amelioration Du Rendement Du Mil Par L’association Avec Le Niebe En Zone Sahelienne

In Niger, agricultural production is based mainly on the association and rotation grains / legumes with generally low yields. To improve these yields, seeding effects and cowpea genotypes in combination with millet were studied in 2014 and 2015 in the Sahel region of Niger. The experimental device is a split plot design with three replications. cowpea genotypes were large plots, and two seeding (1: 1 and 1: 2, millet and cowpea) in small plots. In addition, four parcels of pure millet grown in the past two years have been used as control. Analysis of variance revealed that for cowpea, biomass yield, seed, weight of hundred seeds and seed harvest index were significantly affected by the genotypes for two years. However, there is no significant effect on the density and cowpea genotypes on grain yields of millet. In 2014, the biomass yield millet density 2 was lower than the density of one. The density 2 increased yields of cowpea and millet slightly diminish those

Towards understanding the traits contributing to performance of pearl millet open-pollinated varieties in phosphorus-limited environments of West Africa

Aims Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] open-pollinated varieties, which are the predominant cultivars, have never been systematically evaluated for adaptation to low-soil phosphorus (P), a major constraint on pearl millet production in West Africa (WA). Methods We evaluated grain yield (GY), flowering time (FLO), harvest index (HI), and residual grain yields (RGY) of 102 open-pollinated varieties from WA under low-P (−P) and high-P (+P) field conditions in six environments of WA. In addition, PE-related traits of the varieties were evaluated at early growth stage in a pot experiment. Results Significant genetic variation was observed for GY, FLO, HI and PE-related traits. P-efficient varieties had higher yield under −P conditions. Varietal performance under −P varied across environments depending on FLO, relative flowering delay under −P (FD) and RGY measured in the field. Low-P-susceptible varieties had higher FLO, lower HI than low-P-tolerant varieties. Response to direct selection under −P field conditions was 20.1 g m−2, whereas indirect selection response under +P was 16.3 g m−2. Conclusions Selection under −P field conditions while taking into account seasonal variations for FLO, FD and PE is expected to be important for improving GY specifically targeting −P environments in WA

Performances morpho-physiologiques et agronomiques du niébé [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers] en conditions du déficit hydrique

Objectif: Ce travail vise à étudier les effets du déficit hydrique intermittent et de la saison de la culture sur certains paramètres morpho-physiologiques et agronomiques à travers une évaluation de son impact sur l’indice de la surface foliaire, la surface foliaire, la biomasse des feuilles et le rendement en graines.Méthodes et résultats: Dix-huit variétés de niébé ont été testés au champ en saisons froide et chaude. Deux traitements hydriques qui sont bien irrigué (BI) et déficit hydrique intermittent (DH) couvrant les stades végétatif et reproductif ont été étudiés. Nos résultats ont montré que la date de 50% floraison a été allongée de 5 jours en moyenne en saison froide sous l’effet du déficit hydrique. L’indice de surface foliaire (LAI), la surface foliaire et la biomasse des feuilles ont été plus élevés en conditions BI. Le DH a significativement réduit le rendement graines de toutes les variétés (P<0,001). La baisse du rendement en graines est de 88% en saison froide contre 67% en saison chaude. L’étude a révélé que les variétés KVX-61-1, IT96D-610 et IT98K-1111-1 sont les plus performantes pour les deux régimes hydrique en termes du rendement.Conclusion et application: L’identification des variétés précoces et/ou tolérantes à la sécheresse intermittente pouvant améliorer la culture du niébé au stade végétatif et/ou reproductif pourrait permettre d’augmenter le rendement et affecter la production de cette culture au Niger.Mots clés: Déficit hydrique, Niébé, rendement graines, biomasse, physiologieEnglish AbstractObjective: the aim is to investigate the intermittent drought stress and the season effects on agro-physiological parameters by assessing its impact on the leaf area index (LAI), leaf area, leaf dry weight and grain yield.Methods and Results: Eighteen cowpea genotypes were tested in the field during cold and hot seasons. Two water treatments, well-watered (WW) and intermittent drought (WS), were imposed at vegetative and reproductive stages during three experiments. Our findings showed that the flowering date delayed up to 5 days in the cold season under water deficit. The LAI, leaf area and leaf dry weight were high under WW conditions. Under DH, grain yield decrease significantly (P <0.001) up to 88 and 67% in the cold and hot seasons respectively. KVX-61-1, IT96D-610 and IT98K-1111-1 showed the highest grain yield under both seasons and r both water treatments.Conclusion and application: The identification of early and/or intermittent drought tolerant varieties that may improve cowpea cultivation at the vegetative and / or reproductive stages could lead to increase grain yield and production of cowpea in Niger.Keywords: Water deficit, cowpea, grain yield, physiology, biomas

Determination of coefficient defining leaf area development in different genotypes, plant types and planting densities in peanut (Arachis hypogeae L.)

AbstractRapid leaf area development may be attractive under a number of cropping conditions to enhance the vigor of crop establishment and allow rapid canopy closure for maximizing light interception and shading of weed competitors. This study was undertaken to determine (1) if parameters describing leaf area development varied among ten peanut (Arachis hypogeae L.) genotypes grown in field and pot experiments, (2) if these parameters were affected by the planting density, and (3) if these parameters varied between Spanish and Virginia genotypes. Leaf area development was described by two steps: prediction of main stem number of nodes based on phyllochron development and plant leaf area dependent based on main stem node number. There was no genetic variation in the phyllochron measured in the field. However, the phyllochron was much longer for plants grown in pots as compared to the field-grown plants. These results indicated a negative aspect of growing peanut plants in the pots used in this experiment. In contrast to phyllochron, there was no difference in the relationship between plant leaf area and main stem node number between the pot and field experiments. However, there was genetic variation in both the pot and field experiments in the exponential coefficient (PLAPOW) of the power function used to describe leaf area development from node number. This genetic variation was confirmed in another experiment with a larger number of genotypes, although possible G×E interaction for the PLAPOW was found. Sowing density did not affect the power function relating leaf area to main stem node number. There was also no difference in the power function coefficient between Spanish and Virginia genotypes. SSM (Simple Simulation model) reliably predicted leaf canopy development in groundnut. Indeed the leaf area showed a close agreement between predicted and observed values up to 60000cm2m−2. The slightly higher prediction in India and slightly lower prediction in Niger reflected GxE interactions. Until more understanding is obtained on the possible GxE interaction effects on the canopy development, a generic PLAPOW value of 2.71, no correction for sowing density, and a phyllochron on 53°C could be used to model canopy development in peanut