Analysis of Learning Environment Factors Based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

This paper provides a new analysis of some learning environment factors from the point of view of one of the most established motivational models, i.e. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. For a teacher, this model can represent a meaningful tool for the analysis of the potential factors of pupils’ inadequate school adjustment. Some psychological constructs that can be conceptualized as learning environment factors are presented at specific levels of needs. As regards the level of physiological needs, this paper provides an overview of research studies on ergonomic factors of learning environment. As for safety needs, the paper outlines the concepts of classroom management and peer-to-peer violence, and presents some main research findings in both fields. The analysis regarding the level of love and belonging includes aspects of positive classroom climate and the concept of pupils’ social acceptance. Contemporary findings about the development of pupil’s academic self-concept are presented within the self-esteem and achievements needs. Flow is considered to be one of key factors that help teacher satisfy the self-actualization needs and stimulate pupils’ personal development. On the basis of this analysis, some implications and recommendations are given to help teachers efficiently encourage an integrated approach to pupil development

Rodne razlike u glazbenom ukusu: posredujuća uloga funkcija glazbe

The aim of this research was to explore gender differences in musical taste and the mediating role of functions of music between gender and musical taste. The research included 740 Croatian and Slovenian students. The results confirmed the existence of gender differences in both musical taste and functions of music. Females preferred the Reflective-Complex musical style, while males showed greater preferences towards Intense-Rebellious style of music. There was no significant gender difference in preferring Traditional and Contemporary Ethno or Energetic and Rhythmic musical style. With regard to the functions of music, there were no significant differences between males and females in identity/culture and background and focus/concentration functions of music. Males assessed political attitudes as a more important function of music than females, while females assessed all other functions of music higher than males did. A complete mediation effect of functions of music was established for gender and Reflective-Complex and Slo-Yugo Pop musical style.Cilj istraživanja bio je istražiti spolne razlike u glazbenom ukusu i posredujuću ulogu funkcija glazbe između spola i glazbenoga ukusa. Istraživanje je provedeno na 740 studenata iz Hrvatske i Slovenije. Rezultati potvrđuju postojanje razlika između muškaraca i žena i u glazbenom ukusu i u funkcijama glazbe. Žene više preferiraju refleksivno-kompleksni glazbeni stil, a muškarci intenzivno- -buntovni stil. Nije uočena značajna razlika u preferencijama tradicionalno-suvremenog etnostila ni energično-ritmičnoga glazbenog stila. Što se tiče funkcija glazbe, nema značajne razlike između muškaraca i žena u funkcijama koje se odnose na identitet / kulturu, pozadinsku funkciju glazbe i funkciju glazbe u svrhu usmjeravanja fokusa / koncentracije. Muškarci, za razliku od žena, značajnijom procjenjuju funkciju glazbe za izražavanje političkih stavova, dok žene procjenjuju sve ostale funkcije glazbe značajnijima nego muškarci. Potpuni posredujući efekt funkcija glazbe ustanovljen je za spol i refleksivno-kompleksni te slo-jugo pop glazbeni stil

Flow in Music Performance: From Theory to Educational Applications

Flow is a specific state of consciousness when people are completely immersed and concentrated on a task, that they lose the sense of time, and feel as if doing things unconsciously. This article aims to provide a brief overview of the flow in music, focused on music performance, and shed light on aspects such as psychological correlates, occurrence and educational applications. Our objective is to build a bridge between theory and practice examining the implications of flow for improving the musical practice. Several studies analyse flow in various musical activities, including improvisation/composition, listening and performance. Music improvisation is considered one of the most crucial pedagogical tools for promoting flow from the early years of music education on. Flow in music performance is the most extensively studied, and practical implications to facilitate optimal experience and flow conditions could be developed. In the final part of the article, educational strategies for inducing flow are proposed based on the nine characteristics of flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990)

From Theory to Educational Applications

Flow is a specific state of consciousness when people are completely immersed and concentrated on a task, that they lose the sense of time, and feel as if doing things unconsciously. This article aims to provide a brief overview of the flow in music, focused on music performance, and shed light on aspects such as psychological correlates, occurrence and educational applications. Our objective is to build a bridge between theory and practice examining the implications of flow for improving the musical practice. Several studies analyse flow in various musical activities, including improvisation/composition, listening and performance. Music improvisation is considered one of the most crucial pedagogical tools for promoting flow from the early years of music education on. Flow in music performance is the most extensively studied, and practical implications to facilitate optimal experience and flow conditions could be developed. In the final part of the article, educational strategies for inducing flow are proposed based on the nine characteristics of flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990)

Flow and Satisfaction With Life in Elite Musicians and Top Athletes

Although flow has been studied extensively in music and sport, there is a lack of research comparing these two domains. With the aim of filling this gap, elite musicians and top athletes in Slovenia were contrasted in the current study. Differences for flow and satisfaction with life between elite musicians and top athletes were explored. Individual versus group performance setting and gender differences were considered. 452 participants; 114 elite Slovenian musicians (mean age 23.46 years) and 338 top Slovenian athletes (mean age 22.40 years) answered questions about flow and satisfaction with life measures. The results show differences between elite musicians and top athletes in four flow dimensions: transformation of time and autotelic experience were higher in musicians while clear goals and unambiguous feedback were higher in athletes. However, differences in global flow were not confirmed. Elite musicians and top athletes experienced flow more often in group than in individual performance settings and surprisingly it was experienced more in male than in female top performers. Satisfaction with life has a positive correlation with all nine dimensions of flow, but only challenge-skill balance was a significant predictor for satisfaction with life

The Structure of Musical Preferences of Youth: Cross-cultural Perspective

The aim of this study was to explore the differences in musical preferences between Slovene and Croatian students. The sample consisted of 369 students from Slovenia and 371 students from Croatia. The results show that there are significant differences in musical preferences between Slovene and Croatian students. Furthermore, differences with regard to gender, age and study program were confirmed

Editorial: Highlights in performance science: music performance anxiety

Musical performance activities are the culmination of arduous work and dedication. Musical interpretation is, at its core, an act of openness and vulnerability, which makes stage anxiety a relevant issue in the musical community. Music Performance Anxiety (MPA) is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, manifesting in different ways and affecting musicians to varying degrees, across all educational levels and musical genres (Yoshie et al., 2009; Casanova et al., 2018; Habe et al., 2019; Guyon et al., 2020). The Research Topic “Highlights in performance science: music performance anxiety” showcases a selection of articles about MPA, authored by leaders in the field. The work presented here highlights the broad diversity of research performed across the Performance Science field and put a spotlight on the main areas of interest. The Research Topic includes 14 original articles written by 41 authors from 11 countries. The articles cover many of the most relevant areas of MPA research, including its conceptualization, phenomenology, assessment, and etiology, as well as individual differences in MPA, ways of managing and coping with MPA, and the consequences of MPA. Three of the 14 contributions are review articles

Nevropsihologija glasbe - razvijajoče se področje psihologije

Relationship between brain and music is of interest to musicians, psychologists and neuroscientists. In recent years no other area of psychology of music has seen as much advancement as neuropsychology of music. The aim of the article is to present some main issues in the neuropsychology of music abroad and in Slovenia, to classify research studies into larger categories and to predict the future development of this field. There are different levels of inquiry into the neuropsychology of music: (1) the analysis of normal and abnormal psychological and physiological functions to determine the principles and modes by which the human brain processes, codifies, stores, and produces music, and (2) a description of the clinical deficits in music perception or performance resulting from localized or diffuse damage to the nervous system. Main topics that occupy neuropsychology of music are neuropsychological models of musical processing, functional imaging of musical perception and cognition, and the use of music as a therapeutic and clinical tool. Although some important studies have already been conducted since the year 2003, in Slovenia we faced a "formal" turning point in acknowledging the importance of the connection between music, mind and brain with the Sinapsa\u27s Week of the brain 2009 under the title Brain and music.Povezanost glasbe in možganov je predmet zanimanja psihologov, glasbenikov in nevroznanstvenikov. V zadnjih letih je to področje doseglo največji razcvet izmed vseh področij glasbene psihologije. Namen pričujočega članka je predstaviti poglavitna spoznanja številnih raziskav s področja glasbene nevropsihologije v tujini in v Sloveniji, klasificirati dosedanje raziskave s tega področja v večje kategorije in napovedati smernice nadaljnjega razvoja. Obstaja več nivojev raziskovanja na področju nevropsihologije glasbe: (1) analiza normalnih in abnormalnih psiholoških in fizioloških funkcij, ki determinirajo osnovne principe in načine, s katerimi človeški možgani predelujejo, kodirajo, skladiščijo in ustvarjajo glasbo ter (2) opis kliničnih deficitov v glasbeni percepciji, kogniciji in glasbenem ustvarjanju, ki izhajajo iz lokaliziranih ali difuznih okvar živčnega sistema. Poglavitne teme, s katerimi se ukvarja glasbena nevropsihologija so modeli glasbenega procesiranja, prirojene in pridobljene motnje glasbenega procesiranja, uporaba metod možganskega slikanja med glasbenim procesiranjem in uporaba glasbe kot kliničnega in terapevtskega sredstva. Čeprav so se v Sloveniji izvajale raziskave s tega področja od leta 2003 dalje, pa je bil ključni formalni korak v smeri prepoznavanja povezanosti možganov in glasbe narejen v letu 2009 v okviru Tedna možganov, v organizaciji društva Sinapsa

The effect of the Mozart Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major on the spatial-temporal reasoning

The influence of music on cognitive functioning was investigated with the Mozart effect, i. e. the increase in spatial-temporal reasoning performance immediately after exposure to the Mozart piano sonata K.448. The experiment was performed on the sample of 315 students. Based on the results of the main experiment, two groups) were formed: the enhancement group (N = 30) and the stagnation group (N = 30). Differences between these extreme groups in intellectual, personal, emotional characteristics, and in the learning styles were examined. The Mozart effect on the spatial-temporal reasoning performance was confirmed. The effect was not influenced by gender, musical knowledge, or the study area. It was also not affected by personality and emotional characteristics. On the other hand, there was an influence of the general intelligence factor (the effect was more pronounced in the individuals with lower IQ in comparison with those with higher IQ) and in the learning styles (the enhancement group processed information more on auditory and holistic level, while the stagnation group was more visual and analytical). Our study confirmed that Mozart's music has a positive influence on cognitive functioning, but this influence depends on intellectual capacities, perceptual style, and information processing style

The effect of the Mozart Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major on the spatial-temporal reasoning

Vpliv glasbe na kognitivno funkcioniranje smo preučevali z Mozartovim učinkom, vplivom Mozartove sonate K.448 na prostorsko-časovno sklepanje. Namen raziskave je bil preučiti vpliv poslušanja Mozartove sonate na reševanje nalog prostorsko-časovnega sklepanja na vzorcu 315 študentov. Na osnovi tega eksperimenta sta bili izbrani dve skupini oseb: skupina dviga, pri kateri je bilo reševanje nalog takoj po poslušanju Mozartove sonate boljše (N = 30), in skupina stagnacije, pri kateri se dosežek ni spremenil (N = 30). Pri obeh skupinah so bile preverjene razlike v intelektualnih, osebnostnih in čustvenih značilnostih ter razlike v učnih stilih. Na izbranem vzorcu smo potrdili Mozartov učinek pri reševanju testa prostorsko-časovnega sklepanja. Ugotovili smo, da učinek ni odvisen od spola, predhodne glasbene izobrazbe in študijske smeri. Prav tako nanj ne vplivajo osebnostne in čustvene značilnosti. Pokazalo pa se je, da nanj vpliva splošni faktor inteligentnosti, in sicer je Mozartov učinek bolj izrazit pri posameznikih z nižjim IQ kot pri tistih z višjim IQ. Med skupino dviga in skupino stagnacije so bile pomembne razlike v avditivnem in vizualnem zaznavnem stilu, pri čemer je bil v skupini dviga bolj izražen avditivni stil, v skupini stagnacije pa vizualni. Pokazalo se je tudi, da je v skupini dviga bolj prisoten celosten način predelovanja informacij, v skupini stagnancije pa analitičen način. Naša raziskava je torej potrdila, da ima Mozartova glasba pozitiven vpliv na kognitivno funkcioniranje, vendar je le-ta odvisen od intelektualnih značilnosti, zaznavnega stila in od načina predelovanja informacij.The influence of music on cognitive functioning was investigated with the Mozart effect, i. e. the increase in spatial-temporal reasoning performance immediately after exposure to the Mozart piano sonata K.448. The experiment was performed on the sample of 315 students. Based on the results of the main experiment, two groups) were formed: the enhancement group (N = 30) and the stagnation group (N = 30). Differences between these extreme groups in intellectual, personal, emotional characteristics, and in the learning styles were examined. The Mozart effect on the spatial-temporal reasoning performancewas confirmed. The effect was not influenced by gender, musical knowledge, or the study area. It was also not affected by personality and emotional characteristics. On the other hand, there was an influence of the general intelligence factor (the effect was more pronounced in the individuals with lower IQ in comparison with those with higher IQ) and in the learning styles (the enhancement group processed information more on auditory and holistic level, while the stagnation group was more visual and analytical). Our study confirmed that Mozart\u27s music has a positive influence on cognitive functioning, but this influence depends on intellectual capacities, perceptual style, and information processing style