The Effect of Different Kind of Liquid Smoke Materials on the Quality of Smoke Flavored Catfish (Cryptopterus Bichircis)

The study aimed to observe the effect of different kind of raw materials of liquid smoke on the quality of smoke flavored catfish (Cryptopterus bichircis). The experimental was designed as completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment was soaking catfish into different kind of solution of liquid smoke, namely liquid smoke pyrolyzed from rice husk (A1), oil palm midrib (A2), and coconut shell (A3). The catfish were soaked into the liquid smoke at a concentration of 6% for 60 minutes. Parameters to evaluate the quality of smoke flavored catfish produced were the sensory value of appearance; smell; texture; and taste, proximate composition, the content of total phenol, total acid, and pH values. The results showed that the different kind of smoke source was indicating significant effect on aroma, but not on appearance, flavor, and texture of the smoke flavored catfish. The chemical characteristics were significantly affected on the pH value and the content of total phenols, but not significantly affected on water content and the content of total acid. Based on the results of the study concluded that the best treatment was the using of the raw material of liquid smoke coconut shell (A3) which have the characteristics of smoked fish with 7.00, flavor at 7.61, texture at 6.71, and aroma at 7.29 and containing a total phenol of 5.28 ppm and pH. 4.63

Substrate Effect on the High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of a Pt-modified Aluminide Coating. Part II: Long-term Cyclic-oxidation Tests at 1,050 C

This second part of a two-part study is devoted to the effect of the substrate on the long-term, cyclic-oxidation behavior at 1,050 C of RT22 industrial coating deposited on three Ni-base superalloys (CMSX-4, SCB, and IN792). Cyclicoxidation tests at 1,050 C were performed for up to 58 cycles of 300 h (i.e., 17,400 h of heating at 1,050 C). For such test conditions, interdiffusion between the coating and its substrate plays a larger role in the damage process of the system than during isothermal tests at 900, 1,050, and 1,150 C for 100 h and cyclicoxidation tests at 900 C which were reported in part I [N. Vialas and D. Monceau, Oxidation of Metals 66, 155 (2006)]. The results reported in the present paper show that interdiffusion has an important effect on long-term, cyclic-oxidation resistance, so that clear differences can be observed between different superalloys protected with the same aluminide coating. Net-mass-change (NMC) curves show the better cyclic-oxidation behavior of the RT22/IN792 system whereas uncoated CMSX-4 has the best cyclic-oxidation resistance among the three superalloys studied. The importance of the interactions between the superalloy substrate and its coating is then demonstrated. The effect of the substrate on cyclic-oxidation behavior is related to the extent of oxide scale spalling and to the evolution of microstructural features of the coatings tested. SEM examinations of coating surfaces and cross sections show that spalling on RT22/CMSX-4 and RT22/SCB was favored by the presence of deep voids localized at the coating/oxide interface. Some of these voids can act as nucleation sites for scale spallation. The formation of such interfacial voids was always observed when the b to c0 transformation leads to the formation of a two-phase b/c0 layer in contact with the alumina scale. On the contrary, no voids were observed in RT22/IN792, since this b to c0 transformation occurs gradually by an inward transformation of b leading to the formation of a continuous layer of c0 phase, parallel to the metal/scale interface