The Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement's Common Experience Payment and Healing: A Qualitative Study Exploring Impacts on Recipients

This study reports on how the common experience payment has impacted Survivors and their healing

’Community-based’ as a Culturally Appropriate Concept of Development: a Case Study from Pangnirtung, Northwest Territories

A community-based model of tourism development - premised on current participatory theories - is examined as a culturally appropriate process of economic development in an Inuit community. This analysis intersects issues of research methodology and practice. This paper concludes by raising several policy-related and academic implications of doing development and research in the north.Cet article analyse un modèle communautaire de développement touristique dans une communauté inuit, basé sur des théories participatoires et considéré comme un processus approprié de développement économique. Cette analyse soulève des questions de méthodologie et de pratique anthropologiques. En conclusion, l'article met de l'avant plusieurs implications de la recherche dans le Grand Nord, liées à l'application de politiques et à la recherche académique

British-Canada’s Land Purchases, 1783-1788 : A Strategic Perspective

This article examines several of the earliest land purchases in Ontario as phases in a single strategic plan by the British Crown to secure settlement lands and safe communication routes in the aftermath of the American War of Independence. Between 1783 and 1788 British colonial authorities executed a series of right-of-way and land cession agreements with Indigenous nations for lands extending from the St. Lawrence River, westward along the north shore of Lake Ontario, and northward along the historic carrying places linking Toronto, Lake Simcoe and Lake Huron. Viewing the Crawford, Gunshot, Toronto and Matchedash purchases as contiguous in time and space offers both clarity and context to a period of colonial treaty-making in Canada from which few records have survived. Archival holdings contain scant records of proceedings, deeds, maps or boundary descriptions for these treaties. For decades, Indian Affairs officials were concerned about the lack of documentation to validate the terms and extent of these land purchases and it was not until 1923 that the Gunshot and Matchedash surrenders were supposedly confirmed and the boundaries of those tracts encompassed within the terms of the Williams Treaties. For historical researchers, the determination of dates, geography and terms of early colonial treaty agreements remains a challenge. This article contributes both a broader context and greater detail about four such transactions between British authorities and Indigenous nations in southern Ontario in the eighteenth century.Dans l’article qui suit, nous allons examiner les premiers achats de terres en Ontario en tant qu’étapes du plan de la Couronne britannique à obtenir des terres à coloniser et d’assurer des voies de communications après la guerre d’Indépendance américaine. Entre 1783 et 1788, les autorités coloniales britanniques ont élaboré des traités de droit de passage et de cession de terres avec les peuples autochtones dans les régions qui s’étendaient à l’ouest du St-Laurent le long de la rive nord du lac Ontario, et au nord tout au long des lieux patrimoniaux historiques qui reliaient Toronto, le lac Simcoe et le lac Huron. En analysant l’aspect spatio-temporel des achats de terres à Crawford, Gunshot, Toronto et Matchedash, nous éclairons une période coloniale d’exécution de traités et lui donnons contexte malgré la pauvre disponibilité de sources primaires. Les représentants du Bureau d’Affaires Indiennes étaient préoccupés par ce manque de documentation qui pouvait valider les termes de ces achats. Ce n’est qu’en 1923 que les cessions foncières de Gunshot et de Matchedash ont été confirmées dans le cadre des traités Williams. Les détails de traités coloniaux sont souvent difficiles à déterminer. Notre recherche contribuera à inscrire dans un contexte plus large et plus détaillé quatre transactions de ce genre entre les autorités britanniques et les peuples autochtones du sud de l’Ontario au XVIIIe siècle

L’ethnogenèse des Métis de la baie James en Ontario et au Québec

Cet article présente les résultats préliminaires d’une étude comparative de l’ethnogénèse et du développement d’une communauté métisse historique au sudest de la baie James, dans les provinces de l’Ontario et du Québec. Les auteurs analysent les critères confirmant l’émergence d’une identité métisse, définis par la Cour suprême du Canada dans R. c. Powley (2003) et interprétés lors de jugements récents. Les archives de la traite des fourrures documentent les tendances concernant les mariages entre autochtones et allochtones et l’ascendance mixte de certains individus à partir de la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle à trois postes de traites liés entre eux : Moose Factory (Moosonee), Rupert House (Waskaganish) et Eastmain House. Les documents historiques démontrent « l’auto-attribution » et « l’attribution par autrui » d’identités métisses, l’endogamie métisse et la proximité résidentielle de plusieurs générations de familles métisses et suggèrent que les populations métisses des postes du Québec, plus petites, représentent les extensions régionales d’une communauté originaire de Moose Factory.This article presents preliminary findings of a comparative analysis of Métis ethnogenesis and historical Métis community development in the southern and eastern James Bay regions of Ontario and Québec. The authors present a synthesis of criteria for Métis ethnogenesis as originally defined by the Supreme Court of Canada in R. v. Powley (2003) and as interpreted in more recent legal judgements. Fur trade records document patterns of Aboriginal-European marriage and mixed-ancestry beginning in the mid-late 18th century, at three interconnected posts : Moose Factory (Moosonee), Rupert House (Waskaganish) and Eastmain House. Historical evidence of ‘self-ascribed’ and ‘other-ascribed’ mixedancestry identity, mixed-ancestry endogamy and residential proximity by several generations of mixed-ancestry families, suggests that the smaller populations at posts in Québec may represent regional extensions of the Métis core community at Moose Factory

Glucose Sensing in L Cells: A Primary Cell Study

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an enteric hormone that stimulates insulin secretion and improves glycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Although GLP-1-based treatments are clinically available, alternative strategies to increase endogenous GLP-1 release from L cells are hampered by our limited physiological understanding of this cell type. By generating transgenic mice with L cell-specific expression of a fluorescent protein, we studied the characteristics of primary L cells by electrophysiology, fluorescence calcium imaging, and expression analysis and show that single L cells are electrically excitable and glucose responsive. Sensitivity to tolbutamide and low-millimolar concentrations of glucose and α-methylglucopyranoside, assessed in single L cells and by hormone secretion from primary cultures, suggested that GLP-1 release is regulated by the activity of sodium glucose cotransporter 1 and ATP-sensitive K+ channels, consistent with their high expression levels in purified L cells by quantitative RT-PCR. These and other pathways identified using this approach will provide exciting opportunities for future physiological and therapeutic exploration

Nutritional regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), released from L-cells in the intestinal epithelium, plays an important role in postprandial glucose homeostasis and appetite control. Following the recent therapeutic successes of antidiabetic drugs aimed at either mimicking GLP-1 or preventing its degradation, attention is now turning towards the L-cell, and addressing whether it would be both possible and beneficial to stimulate the endogenous release of GLP-1 in vivo. Understanding the mechanisms underlying GLP-1 release from L-cells is key to this type of approach, and the use of cell line models has led to the identification of a variety of pathways that may underlie the physiological responses of L-cells to food ingestion. This review focuses on our current understanding of the signalling mechanisms that underlie L-cell nutrient responsiveness

SARS-CoV-2 infects the human kidney and drives fibrosis in kidney organoids

This work was supported by grants of the German Research Foundation (DFG: KR 4073/11-1; SFBTRR219, 322900939; and CRU344, 428857858, and CRU5011 InteraKD 445703531), a grant of the European Research Council (ERC-StG 677448), the Federal Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF NUM-COVID19, Organo-Strat 01KX2021), the Dutch Kidney Foundation (DKF) TASK FORCE consortium (CP1805), the Else Kroener Fresenius Foundation (2017_A144), and the ERA-CVD MENDAGE consortium (BMBF 01KL1907) all to R.K.; DFG (CRU 344, Z to I.G.C and CRU344 P2 to R.K.S.); and the BMBF eMed Consortium Fibromap (to V.G.P, R.K., R.K.S., and I.G.C.). R.K.S received support from the KWF Kankerbestrijding (11031/2017–1, Bas Mulder Award) and a grant by the ERC (deFiber; ERC-StG 757339). J.J. is supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO Veni grant no: 091 501 61 81 01 36) and the DKF (grant no. 19OK005). B.S. is supported by the DKF (grant: 14A3D104) and the NWO (VIDI grant: 016.156.363). R.P.V.R. and G.J.O. are supported by the NWO VICI (grant: 16.VICI.170.090). P.B. is supported by the BMBF (DEFEAT PANDEMIcs, 01KX2021), the Federal Ministry of Health (German Registry for COVID-19 Autopsies-DeRegCOVID, www.DeRegCOVID.ukaachen.de; ZMVI1-2520COR201), and the German Research Foundation (DFG; SFB/TRR219 Project-IDs 322900939 and 454024652). S.D. received DFG support (DJ100/1-1) as well as support from VGP and TBH (SFB1192). M.d.B,R.R., N.S., and A.A. are supported by an ERC Advanced Investigator grant (H2020-ERC-2017-ADV-788982-COLMIN) to N.S. A.A. is supported by the NWO (VI.Veni.192.094). We thank Saskia de Wildt, Jeanne Pertijs (Radboudumc, Department of Pharmacology), and Robert M. Verdijk (Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Pathology) for providing tissue controls (Erasmus MC Tissue Bank) and Christian Drosten (Charite´ Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Institute of € Virology) and Bart Haagmans (Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam) for providing the SARS-CoV-2 isolate. We thank Kioa L. Wijnsma (Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center) for support with statistical analysis regarding the COVID-19 patient cohort.Peer reviewedPublisher PD