Sequencias de DNA mitocondriais e nucleares aplicadas a filogenia de Muscidae (Diptera)

Orientador : Claudio José Barros de CarvalhoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciencias Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduaçao em Ciencias Biológicas (Entomologia). Defesa: Curitiba, 2005Inclui bibliografiaÁrea de concentraçao: EntomologiaAbstract: The relationships among 28 species of Muscid (18 genera and 6 subfamilies) were analyzed through a set of 2989 characters (1085 PI) derived from sequences of mitochondrial (COI and COII) and nuclear genes (CAD and EF-1?). The data was analyzed combined and separately applying the criterion of Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian Inference. The results of the different analyses support the monophyly of Muscidae and the sister-group relationship between Coenosiini and Phaoniinae. This group was diagnosed as connected to the species of Reinwardtiini and Cyrtoneurininae sampled. The genera Ophyra and Hydrotaea were positioned in Muscinae and Stomoxys come out as sister group of Musca. Polietina was presented as a monophyletic genus while Morellia was presented as paraphyletic. The combined analysis raised the efficiency of the phylogenetic analysis despite the data sets diagnosed as incongruent in an ILD test.Resumo: As relações entre 24 espécies de Muscidae (18 gêneros, 6 subfamílias) foram analisadas através de análises individuais e combinadas de seqüências de dois genes mitocondriais, COI e COII e dois genes nucleares, CAD e EF-1? compondo um total de 2989 caracteres (1085 PI). Os caracteres foram analisados através de análise de máxima parcimônia, máxima verossimilhança e inferência bayesiana. As diferentes análises apresentam-se concordantes quanto à monofilia de Muscidae, relacionaram Coenosiini a Phaoniinae e este conjunto aos Reinwardtiini e Cyrtoneurininae amostrados. Ophyra e Hydrotaea foram posicionados em Muscinae e Stomoxys foi posicionada como grupo irmão de Musca. Polietina foi diagnosticado como monofilético e o gênero Morellia como parafilético. A análise combinada aumentou a eficiência do resgate das informações filogenéticas mesmo sendo os conjuntos de caracteres combinados diagnosticados como incongruentes através do teste ILD

Sequencias de DNA mitocondriais e nucleares aplicadas a filogenia de Muscidae (Diptera)

Orientador : Claudio José Barros de CarvalhoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciencias Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduaçao em Ciencias Biológicas (Entomologia). Defesa: Curitiba, 2005Inclui bibliografiaÁrea de concentraçao: EntomologiaAbstract: The relationships among 28 species of Muscid (18 genera and 6 subfamilies) were analyzed through a set of 2989 characters (1085 PI) derived from sequences of mitochondrial (COI and COII) and nuclear genes (CAD and EF-1?). The data was analyzed combined and separately applying the criterion of Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian Inference. The results of the different analyses support the monophyly of Muscidae and the sister-group relationship between Coenosiini and Phaoniinae. This group was diagnosed as connected to the species of Reinwardtiini and Cyrtoneurininae sampled. The genera Ophyra and Hydrotaea were positioned in Muscinae and Stomoxys come out as sister group of Musca. Polietina was presented as a monophyletic genus while Morellia was presented as paraphyletic. The combined analysis raised the efficiency of the phylogenetic analysis despite the data sets diagnosed as incongruent in an ILD test.Resumo: As relações entre 24 espécies de Muscidae (18 gêneros, 6 subfamílias) foram analisadas através de análises individuais e combinadas de seqüências de dois genes mitocondriais, COI e COII e dois genes nucleares, CAD e EF-1? compondo um total de 2989 caracteres (1085 PI). Os caracteres foram analisados através de análise de máxima parcimônia, máxima verossimilhança e inferência bayesiana. As diferentes análises apresentam-se concordantes quanto à monofilia de Muscidae, relacionaram Coenosiini a Phaoniinae e este conjunto aos Reinwardtiini e Cyrtoneurininae amostrados. Ophyra e Hydrotaea foram posicionados em Muscinae e Stomoxys foi posicionada como grupo irmão de Musca. Polietina foi diagnosticado como monofilético e o gênero Morellia como parafilético. A análise combinada aumentou a eficiência do resgate das informações filogenéticas mesmo sendo os conjuntos de caracteres combinados diagnosticados como incongruentes através do teste ILD

Sequencias de DNA mitocondriais e nucleares aplicadas a filogenia de Muscidae (Diptera)

Orientador : Claudio José Barros de CarvalhoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciencias Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduaçao em Ciencias Biológicas (Entomologia). Defesa: Curitiba, 2005Inclui bibliografiaÁrea de concentraçao: EntomologiaAbstract: The relationships among 28 species of Muscid (18 genera and 6 subfamilies) were analyzed through a set of 2989 characters (1085 PI) derived from sequences of mitochondrial (COI and COII) and nuclear genes (CAD and EF-1?). The data was analyzed combined and separately applying the criterion of Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian Inference. The results of the different analyses support the monophyly of Muscidae and the sister-group relationship between Coenosiini and Phaoniinae. This group was diagnosed as connected to the species of Reinwardtiini and Cyrtoneurininae sampled. The genera Ophyra and Hydrotaea were positioned in Muscinae and Stomoxys come out as sister group of Musca. Polietina was presented as a monophyletic genus while Morellia was presented as paraphyletic. The combined analysis raised the efficiency of the phylogenetic analysis despite the data sets diagnosed as incongruent in an ILD test.Resumo: As relações entre 24 espécies de Muscidae (18 gêneros, 6 subfamílias) foram analisadas através de análises individuais e combinadas de seqüências de dois genes mitocondriais, COI e COII e dois genes nucleares, CAD e EF-1? compondo um total de 2989 caracteres (1085 PI). Os caracteres foram analisados através de análise de máxima parcimônia, máxima verossimilhança e inferência bayesiana. As diferentes análises apresentam-se concordantes quanto à monofilia de Muscidae, relacionaram Coenosiini a Phaoniinae e este conjunto aos Reinwardtiini e Cyrtoneurininae amostrados. Ophyra e Hydrotaea foram posicionados em Muscinae e Stomoxys foi posicionada como grupo irmão de Musca. Polietina foi diagnosticado como monofilético e o gênero Morellia como parafilético. A análise combinada aumentou a eficiência do resgate das informações filogenéticas mesmo sendo os conjuntos de caracteres combinados diagnosticados como incongruentes através do teste ILD

O cenário nacional da silvicultura de teca e perspectivas para o melhoramento genético

The teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) wood properties direct an intense process of domestication and plantation outside its original habitat. The interest in the species as an alternative for the traditional forest plantations in Brazil is growing. This review contributes with the recovery of technical and scientific information regarding teak aiming the subsequent proposition of a genetic breeding program. In this paper it is presented a brief review of the silvicultural methods for the species in Brazil. The positive perspectives and the main risks related to the teak plantation were explored. In  general, in the most recent genetic improvement  programs the employment of clones was a common strategy. The initial emphasis of the improvement programs were the growth rate and wood property (generally density). As for other species the proper choice of the selection methods resides in observing the genetic variances (additive and non-additive), herdability (broad and narrow), and the genetic correlations among characters. As in other forest  breeding programs the conversion of progeny tests in seedling seed orchards is common for a faster seed production and development of commercial clonesor clonal seed orchards.doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.63.217As propriedades da madeira de teca (Tectona grandis L. f) regem um intenso processo de domesticação e cultivo em regiões além de seu habitat natural. O interesse na espécie como alternativa aos plantios florestais tradicionais no Brasil vem crescendo. Esta revisão contribui com o processo de resgate da  informação técnicocientífica sobre a teca com vistas à elaboração de um programa de melhoramento. Neste documento, é apresentada uma breve revisão sobre os métodos silviculturais para a espécie no Brasil. Foram explorados aspectos positivos inerentes ao cultivo assim como os principais riscos. De forma geral, verificou-se que os programas recentes de  melhoramento genético concentraram-se no  desenvolvimento de clones. A ênfase inicial dos programas de melhoramento tem sido a taxa de crescimento e propriedades da madeira (geralmente densidade). Para a aplicação e escolha dos métodos de seleção em teca são importantes as variâncias genéticas aditivas e não aditivas, as herdabilidades no sentido restrito e amplo, e as correlações genéticas entre caracteres. Como em outros programas de melhoramento florestal, é comum a conversão de testes de progênies em pomares de sementes para a produção mais rápida de clones comerciais ou de pomares clonais de sementes

Overview of the teak silviculture in Brazil and perspectives for genetic improvement O cenário nacional da silvicultura de teca (Tectona grandis L. f.) e perspectivas de melhoramento

&lt;p&gt;The teak (&lt;em&gt;Tectona grandis&lt;/em&gt; L. f.) wood properties direct an intense process of domestication and plantation outside its original habitat. The interest in the species as an alternative for the traditional forest plantations in Brazil is growing. This review contributes with the recovery of technical and scientific information regarding teak aiming the subsequent proposition of a genetic breeding program. In this paper it is presented a brief review of the silvicultural methods for the species in Brazil. The positive perspectives and the main risks related to the teak plantation were explored. In  general, in the most recent genetic improvement  programs the employment of clones was a common strategy. The initial emphasis of the improvement programs were the growth rate and wood property (generally density). As for other species the proper choice of the selection methods resides in observing the genetic variances (additive and non-additive), herdability (broad and narrow), and the genetic correlations among characters. As in other forest  breeding programs the conversion of progeny tests in seedling seed orchards is common for a faster seed production and development of commercial clones&lt;br /&gt;or clonal seed orchards.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;doi: 10.4336/2010.pfb.30.63.217&lt;/p&gt;<br>&lt;p&gt;As propriedades da madeira de teca (&lt;em&gt;Tectona grandis &lt;/em&gt;L. f) regem um intenso processo de domesticação e cultivo em regiões além de seu habitat natural. O interesse na espécie como alternativa aos plantios florestais tradicionais no Brasil vem crescendo. Esta revisão contribui com o processo de resgate da  informação técnicocientífica sobre a teca com vistas à elaboração de um programa de melhoramento. Neste documento, é apresentada uma breve revisão sobre os métodos silviculturais para a espécie no Brasil. Foram explorados aspectos positivos inerentes ao cultivo assim como os principais riscos. De forma geral, verificou-se que os programas recentes de  melhoramento genético concentraram-se no  desenvolvimento de clones. A ênfase inicial dos programas de melhoramento tem sido a taxa de crescimento e propriedades da madeira (geralmente densidade). Para a aplicação e escolha dos métodos de seleção em teca são importantes as variâncias genéticas aditivas e não aditivas, as herdabilidades no sentido restrito e amplo, e as correlações genéticas entre caracteres. 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Fungus-gnats (Sciaridae) como um fator de importuno em pátios de toras de pinus

Some Sciaridae species are considered as cosmopolitan pests in greenhouses and mushrooms farms. The potential harm of these insects involves plant tissue damage and transmission of pathogens to the seedlings. Recently, large sciarid masses were found infesting wood log stocking of processing industries and turned to be a severe nuisance factor and a public health issue. The Sciarid specimens from infested areas were identified belonging to the genus Bradysia Winnertz, 1867. These species certainly do not correspond to pests, but to species that are possibly associated to microenvironments generated by the fungi on the wood bark.Algumas espécies de Sciaridae são consideradas pragas cosmopolitas em estufas, criações de cogumelos e até mesmo em vasos de plantas. A ameaça potencial destes insetos envolve o dano de tecido vegetal e a transmissão de patógenos às mudas. Recentemente, grandes massas de sciarídeos foram encontradas infestando o estoque de toras de indústrias madeireiras e se tornaram um fator de incômodo e preocupação de saúde pública. Os espécimes foram identificados como pertencendo ao gênero Bradysia Winnertz, 1867. Estas espécies certamente não constituem uma praga, mas possivelmente estão associadas a microambientes gerados pelos fungos sob a casca das toras

Individual genomic DNA isolation of Entomogenous nematodes: the Deladenus study case </p><p> Isolamento de DNA genômico de indivíduo de nematoide parasita de insetos: estudo de caso de Deladenus

Populational studies involve single individual DNA extraction in order to grant further genotyping data. In the case of some parasitic nematodes, the reduced dimensions and high individual number per infestation makes individual genotyping a difficult task. Aiming the development of a protocol we performed adjustments in available methods in order to acquire the best gain in purity and concentration of genomic DNA. Single specimens were digested in Worm Lysis Buffer and submitted to PCR amplification as a concept test. It was possible to obtain good amount and concentration of DNA from individuals. Quality was sufficient to grant subsequent ITS1 sequencing. Estudos populacionais envolvem a extração de DNA de um único indivíduo para permitir a genotipagem. No caso de alguns nematoides parasíticos, suas dimensões reduzidas e o grande número de indivíduos por infestação tornam a genotipagem difícil. Com o objetivo de desenvolver um protocolo, foram feitos ajustes em métodos já disponíveis, visando melhor ganho em pureza e concentração de DNA genômico. Espécimes foram digeridos em tampão de digestão de verme e submetidos à amplificação por PCR, como prova de conceito. Foi possível a obtenção de boa quantidade e concentração de DNA de indivíduos. A qualidade foi suficiente para garantir o sequenciamento da região ITS1