LICHEN RUBER PLANUS AS A PSYCHIATRIC PROBLEM

Our mouth is the mirror of our health and it might be said that numerous diseases which affect our organism may be manifested in the mouth. Early symptoms occurring within the oral cavity may emerge with diseases related to our blood system, gastrointestinal system, renal system, cardiovascular system, and mental system. They are manifested as a hyperkeratosis, which may have an erithematous background. What we talk about here is lichen ruber planus. Lichen ruber planus is a common chronic immunological inflammatory disease of mucosa and skin, whose manifestations vary from karatolytic to eritematous and ulcerating lesions. The most frequent psychogenic diseases which may lead to the emerging of lichen planus are depression, anxiety and stress. Depression is a condition of decreased psychophysical activity predominated by sadness, apathy and slowed-down pessimistic thinking. Anxiety is a complex feeling comprising anxiety, fear, tension and insecurity, and is accompanied by the activation of autonomic nervous system. Stress is a reaction to trauma, and it enhances survival

The Impact of Psychological Testing on the Patients Suffering from Stomatopyrosis

Stomatopyrosis is commonly associated with stressful situations, which implies the importance of psychological conditions of the patients with this symptom. Patients suffering from burning mouth syndrome suffered from some psychical disturbances as well. The fact that depression and anxiety are closely connected with stomatopyrosis has been scientifically confirmed. The data which systematically led to this conclusion suggest the possibility of the existence of a psychogenic disturbance as an aetiological factor which leads to stomatopyrosis. Research which might be conducted in order to relate psychogenic disturbances with stomatopyrosis by means of various drugs and procedures, might provide an insight into the relatedness of these factors, which would enable us to treat the cause and not the consequence.This research has been directed towards establishing this »relatedness« by means of psychopharmatics and psychotherapy, and has been confirmed by means of psychological depression and anxiety tests. The research has been conducted on 120 respondents suffering from stomatopyrosis, who were also, as previously diagnosed, suffering from a psychical disturbance. The respondents were divided into 4 groups. Each group contained 30 respondents suffering from stomatopyrosis as the basic symptom, but with different psychogenic disturbances. These groups were: 1) antidepressants, 2) anxiolytics, 3) autogenic training and 4) control group. A detailed clinical and psychiatric check-up was conducted before the treatment started, and was repeated several times in different intervals: after a month, after two months and after four months. Respondents are still undergoing a therapy. Subjective assessment of the intensity of the burning sensation was obtained according to Visual analogue scale and two psychological questionnaires (depression test and anxiety test). Conclusion is: 1) Antidepressants and anxiolytic drugs have a prominent role in the treatment of stomatopyrosis. Psychological tests conducted after a four-month period have shown improvement – there was a decrease in anxiety – 7.5%–8.8%, while depression has in some of the tested groups completely disappeared. At the same time, subjective evaluation of the intensity of the symptom has, according to VAS, showed a fall from 6.93–7.8 cm to 2.13–3.0 cm. At the beginning of the treatment, symptoms were described as »pretty often« with 36.7%–76.7% respondents, and as »permanent« with 23.3%–63.3% respondents. At the end of the treatment, the most frequent description regarding the frequency of the symptoms was »very rarely«. 2) Autogenic training – psychotherapeutic anxiolytic technique – is the therapy of choice as far as stomatopyrosis is concerned, as it both eliminates the problems and emotionally rehabilitates the patient. 3) As far as the therapeutic progress is concerned, it can be taken as the »progress« of the time when the symptoms appear: during the treatment, the frequency and the duration of the symptoms have been shortened at night, while their occurrence during the day has been reported as relatively more frequent

Libido and PTSD

The most frequent PTSD treatment is group therapy. Experiences gained from this kind of work warn us of big difficulties, especially if psychotherapist is an analytically oriented person. He has to do with non-presence of insight. These groups are dominated by projection and catharsis, which is often a source of secondary traumas. However, patients are fond of these group sessions. In the dynamics of such group sessions, what can be recognized is the tendency towards repression of the actual problems a PTSD patient has in his family, at work and in social relations. One of these problems, marked for the intensity of repression and negation, is the problem of libido. Weakness of potency and other libidinous problems are often the source of family problems as well as auto-aggressive acts. Libidinous problems are a taboo topic and the task of a psychodynamically oriented psychotherapeutist is to point out at this problem. Psychotherapeutic process changes its dynamics while directing verbalization to the problem of libido. Apart from readiness for solving the problem, patients with PTSD diagnosis show an interest in the members of their family being involved into psychotherapy. A special dynamics is being developed while solving the libidinous problems of the widows whose husbands were killed in war

Psychogenic Factors in the Aetiology of Stomatopyrosis

This research has been conducted on the basis of the association between a psychogenic factor and stomatopyrosis as its consequence. Stomatopyrosis is characterised as a burning sensation or as pain in the mouth cavity with clinically normal oral mucosa. It typically occurs with elderly female population, aged on average 67. Burning mouth as a symptom occurs primarily on the lips, although it may be located on some other sites on the oral mucosa. There are various etiological factors influencing the emergence of stomatopyrosis. They are divided into local factors, related to candidiasis, dysfunction, problems caused by dentures; systemic factors, with hormonal or immunological disturbance, medicines, etc; and, finally, psychogenic factors, characterised by various psychological states and conditions like depression, anxiety, adaptability and emotional stability. The objective of this research was to prove that psychogenic factors cause the burning mouth syndrome sensation. Methods which helped us to establish the link between psychogenic factors and the emerging of stomatopyrosis were general history of the respondents, clinical history, which included both objective and subjective assessment, and psychological rating scales and tests. The results have shown that sex of the respondents does not make any difference. Diagnosis of the oral disease shows that burning is the symptom as well as in the diagnosis of the disease, that localisation of the symptom is primarily on lips, followed by tongue, cheeks, and palate. The description of the symptoms shows that respondents with stomatopyrosis complain of burning and dryness in the mouth cavity. As far as the intensity of the symptom is concerned, the results have shown that the symptom is in most cases unbearable. The frequency of the occurrence of the symptoms said to be continuos. The typical time when the symptom occurs is daytime, followed, by night and evening, day and night. Tension dentures and hot food intensify the symptom. Subjective change in taste is present in the high percentage. Visual analogue scale shows a high degree subjective assessment of the symptoms in the mouth cavity. Thermoestesiometry has established that there are no pathological changes on the oral mucosa. Psychological rat-ing scales and tests have established the presence of psychical changes in a high percentage. What we took into account were the most frequent changes: depression, anxiety, adaptability and emotional stability. We also established a systematic and a psychiatric diagnosis that was necessary for making the right choices when treating people with stomatopyrosis. Stomatopyrosis is the state whose factor, apart from local and systematic factors, may be psychogenic factor. We think that stymatopyrosis may be psychosomatic state that can be cured or treated by appropriate treatment, which includes psychiatric treatment as well

Business plan for a surf company

Portugal has become a high ranked European place to visit in last couple of years. The project Surf Company has been growing slowly but steady since 2012 with humble starts in times of recession. In last two years the amount of business has grown drastically and so did the project. To understand fully where does the Surf Company come from and where it can go, an analysis and a business plan had to be delivered. Implementing economic and financial factors and real data from the business conducted, this document represents the viability of the project and gives understanding where the project might be heading in the future. The document will present the feasibility of current operations in the Surf Company.Portugal tem sido classificado positivamente como um sítio para visitar nos últimos anos. O projeto Surf Company tem crescido de forma lenta e estável desde o ano de 2012 com um começo humilde na época da recessão. Nos últimos dois anos o volume de negócios e o projeto cresceram drasticamente. Para ter um entendimento completo das origens e também do destino da Surf Company, é necessário fazer uma análise e um plano de negócios, implementando nestes, fatores financeiros e económicos, assim como também dados reais sobre os negócios até à data realizados. Este documento representa a viabilidade do projeto e dá também um entendimento da direção em que o mesmo poderá chegar no futuro. O documento irá apresentar a viabilidade das operações decorrentes na Surf Company

Spatially-resolved spectroscopy of narrow-line Seyfert 1 host galaxies

We present optical integral field spectroscopy for five $z<0.062$ narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) host galaxies, probing their host galaxies at $\gtrsim 2-3$ kpc scales. Emission lines in the nuclear AGN spectra and the large-scale host galaxy are analyzed separately, based on an AGN-host decomposition technique. The host galaxy gas kinematics indicates large-scale gas rotation in all five sources. At the probed scales of $\gtrsim 2-3$ kpc, the host galaxy gas is found to be predominantly ionized by star formation without any evidence of a strong AGN contribution. None of the five objects shows specific star formation rates exceeding the main sequence of low-redshift star forming galaxies. The specific star formation rates for MCG-05-01-013 and WPVS 007 are roughly consistent with the main sequence, while ESO 399-IG20, MS 22549-3712, and TON S180 show lower specific star formation rates, intermediate to the main sequence and red quiescent galaxies. The host galaxy metallicities, derived for the two sources with sufficient data quality (ESO 399-IG20 and MCG-05-01-013), indicate central oxygen abundances just below the low-redshift mass-metallicity relation. Based on this initial case study, we outline a comparison of AGN and host galaxy parameters as a starting point for future extended NLS1 studies with similar methods.Comment: 25 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ on 3 September 201