The Association of Physical Activity during Weekdays and Weekend with Body Composition in Young Adults

Physical activity (PA) is a key contributor in long-term weight management but there remains limited research on the association between weekly PA patterns and weight change. The purpose of the present study was to examine the prospective association between weekly PA patterns and weight change in generally healthy young adults. Anthropometric measurements, including dual X-ray absorptiometry, were obtained every 3 months over a period of one year in 338 adults (53% male). At each measurement time, participants wore a multisensor device for a minimum of 10 days to determine total daily energy expenditure and time spent sleeping, sedentary, in light PA (LPA), in moderate PA (MPA), and in vigorous PA (VPA). PA did not differ between weekdays and the weekend at baseline. Twenty-four-hour sleep time, however, was significantly longer during weekends compared to weekdays, which was associated with less time spent sedentary. Weight loss was associated with a significant increase in LPA at the expense of sedentary time during the weekend but not during weekdays. Regression analyses further revealed an inverse association between change in VPA during the weekend and body composition at 12-month follow-up. Taken together, these results suggest that weekend PA plays an important role in long-term weight management

The Association of Physical Activity during Weekdays and Weekend with Body Composition in Young Adults

Physical activity (PA) is a key contributor in long-term weight management but there remains limited research on the association between weekly PA patterns and weight change. The purpose of the present study was to examine the prospective association between weekly PA patterns and weight change in generally healthy young adults. Anthropometric measurements, including dual X-ray absorptiometry, were obtained every 3 months over a period of one year in 338 adults (53% male). At each measurement time, participants wore a multisensor device for a minimum of 10 days to determine total daily energy expenditure and time spent sleeping, sedentary, in light PA (LPA), in moderate PA (MPA), and in vigorous PA (VPA). PA did not differ between weekdays and the weekend at baseline. Twenty-four-hour sleep time, however, was significantly longer during weekends compared to weekdays, which was associated with less time spent sedentary. Weight loss was associated with a significant increase in LPA at the expense of sedentary time during the weekend but not during weekdays. Regression analyses further revealed an inverse association between change in VPA during the weekend and body composition at 12-month follow-up. Taken together, these results suggest that weekend PA plays an important role in long-term weight management

Subjective Estimation of Physical Activity Using the IPAQ Varies by Fitness Level

Background: Subjective measures of moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) rely on ‘relative’ intensity while objective measures capture ‘absolute’ intensity, thus fit individuals may perceive the same activity differently than unfit individuals. Methods: Adults (N=211) wore the SenseWear Armband (SWA) for ten consecutive days to objectively assess sedentary time and MVPA. On day eight participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to subjectively assess sitting time and MVPA. Fitness was assessed via a maximal treadmill test, and participants were classified as ’unfit’ if the result was in the bottom tertile of the study population by sex or ‘fit’ if in the upper two tertiles. Results: Overall, estimates of MVPA between the IPAQ and SWA were not significantly different (IPAQ minus SWA, 67.4±919.1 MVPA minutes/week, P=.29). However, unfit participants overestimated MVPA using the IPAQ by 37.3% (P=.02), but fit participants did not (P=.99). This between-group difference was due to overestimation using the IPAQ of moderate activity by 93.8 minutes/week among the unfit individuals, but underestimation of moderate activity among the fit participants by 149.4 minutes/week. Conclusion: Subjective measures of MVPA using the IPAQ varied by fitness category, with unfit participants overestimating their MVPA and fit participants accurately estimating their MVPA

Cardiorespiratory Fitness and the Risk of All-Cause, Cardiovascular and Cancer Mortality in Men with Hypercholesterolemia

Background: Whether higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) confers protection against cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals with manifest hypercholesterolemia is poorly understood. Methods: Participants were 8920 men aged 20–82 years with hypercholesterolemia but no history of CVD and/or cancer and who received a preventive examination at the Cooper Clinic in Dallas, TX, USA, during 1974–2001. CRF was quantified as maximal treadmill test duration and was grouped for analysis as low, moderate, or high based on the traditional Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study cutpoints. Using Cox regression analyses, we computed hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for risk of mortality based on CRF. Results: During an average of 17 years of follow-up, 329 CVD and 290 cancer deaths occurred. After control for baseline age, examination year, body mass index, total cholesterol, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, hypertension, diabetes, and parental history of CVD, hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for CVD deaths across moderate and high categories of CRF (with low fit as referent) were: 0.66 (0.50–0.87) and 0.55 (0.39–0.79), respectively. There was an inverse association between CRF and CVD death among normal-weight (trend p < 0.0001), younger (<60 y, trend p = 0.01), and inactive men (trend p = 0.002). However, no significant association was found between CRF and cancer mortality. Conclusions: Among men with hypercholesterolemia, higher CRF was associated with a lower risk of dying from CVD independent of other clinical risk factors. Our findings underscored the importance of promoting CRF in the primary prevention of CVD in patients with hypercholesterolemia

Subjective Estimation of Physical Activity Using the IPAQ Varies by Fitness Level

Background: Subjective measures of moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) rely on ‘relative’ intensity while objective measures capture ‘absolute’ intensity, thus fit individuals may perceive the same activity differently than unfit individuals. Methods: Adults (N=211) wore the SenseWear Armband (SWA) for ten consecutive days to objectively assess sedentary time and MVPA. On day eight participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to subjectively assess sitting time and MVPA. Fitness was assessed via a maximal treadmill test, and participants were classified as ’unfit’ if the result was in the bottom tertile of the study population by sex or ‘fit’ if in the upper two tertiles. Results: Overall, estimates of MVPA between the IPAQ and SWA were not significantly different (IPAQ minus SWA, 67.4±919.1 MVPA minutes/week, P=.29). However, unfit participants overestimated MVPA using the IPAQ by 37.3% (P=.02), but fit participants did not (P=.99). This between-group difference was due to overestimation using the IPAQ of moderate activity by 93.8 minutes/week among the unfit individuals, but underestimation of moderate activity among the fit participants by 149.4 minutes/week. Conclusion: Subjective measures of MVPA using the IPAQ varied by fitness category, with unfit participants overestimating their MVPA and fit participants accurately estimating their MVPA.This is a manuscript of an article from Journal of Physical Activity & Health; April 2015; doi: 10.1123/jpah.2014-0543. Posted with permission.</p

Reaching beyond maximum grade: progress and future directions for modernising the assessment and reporting of adverse events in haematological malignancies

Remarkable improvements in outcomes for many haematological malignancies have been driven primarily by a proliferation of novel therapeutics over the past two decades. Targeted agents, immune and cellular therapies, and combination regimens have adverse event profiles distinct from conventional finite cytotoxic chemotherapies. In 2018, a Commission comprising patient advocates, clinicians, clinical investigators, regulators, biostatisticians, and pharmacists representing a broad range of academic and clinical cancer expertise examined issues of adverse event evaluation in the context of both newer and existing therapies for haematological cancers. The Commission proposed immediate actions and long-term solutions in the current processes in adverse event assessment, patient-reported outcomes in haematological malignancies, toxicities in cellular therapies, long-term toxicity and survivorship in haematological malignancies, issues in regulatory approval from an international perspective, and toxicity reporting in haematological malignancies and the real-world setting. In this follow-up report, the Commission describes progress that has been made in these areas since the initial report

Reaching beyond maximum grade:progress and future directions for modernising the assessment and reporting of adverse events in haematological malignancies

Remarkable improvements in outcomes for many haematological malignancies have been driven primarily by a proliferation of novel therapeutics over the past two decades. Targeted agents, immune and cellular therapies, and combination regimens have adverse event profiles distinct from conventional finite cytotoxic chemotherapies. In 2018, a Commission comprising patient advocates, clinicians, clinical investigators, regulators, biostatisticians, and pharmacists representing a broad range of academic and clinical cancer expertise examined issues of adverse event evaluation in the context of both newer and existing therapies for haematological cancers. The Commission proposed immediate actions and long-term solutions in the current processes in adverse event assessment, patient-reported outcomes in haematological malignancies, toxicities in cellular therapies, long-term toxicity and survivorship in haematological malignancies, issues in regulatory approval from an international perspective, and toxicity reporting in haematological malignancies and the real-world setting. In this follow-up report, the Commission describes progress that has been made in these areas since the initial report