2,177 research outputs found
Minimal assumption derivation of a Bell-type inequality
John Bell showed that a big class of local hidden-variable models stands in
conflict with quantum mechanics and experiment. Recently, there were
suggestions that empirical adequate hidden-variable models might exist, which
presuppose a weaker notion of local causality. We will show that a Bell-type
inequality can be derived also from these weaker assumptions.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures; assumption 8 revised, typos correcte
An astronomical analysis of the data in the pseudo-Hipparchus palimpsest in the Codex Climaci Rescriptus
In 2022, Gysembergh et al. published a paper in JHA claiming ‘New evidence for Hipparchus’ Star Catalogue’. In this paper we challenge this hypothesis by stating that (a) we disagree with their astronomical dating and find inconsistencies by using the given numbers, and (b) the terminology and the data format used in the palimpsest do not match Hipparchus or anybody else. Therefore, the palimpsest does not prove anything about Hipparchus’s star catalogue nor did Hipparchus use rectangular constellation borders. Specifically, the constellation of Corona Borealis, typically depicted as a circle since Babylonian times, is not considered a rectangle by Hipparchus. Furthermore, a palimpsest that cannot be dated properly does not confirm the long-known relationship between Hipparchus and Ptolemy as the authors claim.Otto Neugebauer FellowshipPeer Reviewe
Executive pay and corporate financial performance. An exploratiove data analysis
The relationship between executive pay and corporate financial performance continues to attract wide academic, media and policy attention. The very high salaries enjoyed by senior executives in corporations in
the US are often contrasted with the relatively low pay received by executives in Europe and Asia. Empirical research on executive pay has mainly concentrated on the pay-performance relationship. Although the adopted data sets were very different within and across countries, the results are very similar and show very low payfor-
performance elasticities. Despite the similar results, several methodological issues are still uncovered.
Almost all studies assume linear or semi-log linear pay functions without applying a test of the adequate functional form. Most models do not allow for variations across corporations, industries, countries and time.
It it assumed that pay functions are homogeneous across corporations, variations are captured by the fixed effects in the constants and assumption about the errors. The purpose of the paper is to circumvent these possible misspecifications by adopting an explorative data analysis using nonparametric methods which impose
rather weak restrictions on the model. We start with the most general model but use methods that allow for a stepwise closer look by specifying the various objectives of investigation or the model we deduce from the
previous results. In particular, we study heterogeneity between various industry groups. The results show quite clearly that all this methodological issues matter empirically, e.g. industry effects are important, assumptions of additivity crucial and nonlinearities strong and leads to underestimations of the elasticities in a
standard parametric model. In sum, the results might have far reaching implications for further empirical studies on executive pay. At least, it weakens the concern expressed by many in that field that strong pay-forperformance incentives for executives are missing
SiS in the circumstellar envelope of IRC +10126: maser and quasi-thermal emission
We present new Effelsberg-100 m, ATCA, and VLA observations of rotational SiS
transitions in the circumstellar envelope (CSE) of IRC +10216. Thanks to the
high angular resolution achieved by the ATCA observations, we unambiguously
confirm that the molecule's J=1-0 transition exhibits maser action in this CSE,
as first suggested more than thirty years ago. The maser emission's radial
velocity peaking at a local standard of rest velocity of -39.8620.065 km/s
indicates that it arises from an almost fully accelerated shell. Monitoring
observations show time variability of the SiS (1-0) maser. The two lowest-
SiS quasi-thermal emission lines trace a much more extended emitting region
than previous high-J SiS observations. Their distributions show that the SiS
quasi-thermal emission consists of two components: one is very compact
(radius<1.5", corresponding to <3 cm), and the other extends
out to a radius >11". An incomplete shell-like structure is found in the
north-east, which is indicative of existing SiS shells. Clumpy structures are
also revealed in this CSE. The gain of the SiS (1-0) maser (optical depths of
about -5 at the blue-shifted side and, assuming inversion throughout the entire
line's velocity range, about -2 at the red-shifted side) suggests that it is
unsaturated. The SiS (1-0) maser can be explained in terms of ro-vibrational
excitation caused by infrared pumping, and we propose that infrared continuum
emission is the main pumping source.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. A high-resolution version can be
found at https://gongyan2444.github.io/pdf/cw-leo-sis.pdf 3D movies of SiS
cubes can be found at https://gongyan2444.github.io/movie/sis10-3d.avi and
https://gongyan2444.github.io/movie/sis21-3d.av
Untersuchungen über die Sauerstoffbestimmung im Meerwasser, 4. Teil : über eine Sonde zur digitalen und analogen Registrierung von Sauerstoffpartialdruck, Temperatur und Druck im Meerwasser
Es wird ein Gerät zur gleichzeitigen analogen Registrierung und digitalen Aufzeichnung von Sauerstoffpartialdruck, Temperatur und Tiefe beschrieben. Es werden Angaben über die Konstruktion, die Funktion und über die Handhabung sowie Eichung der Sonde gemacht.
An apparatus for the simultaneous and analog record of the oxygen tension, the temperature and the depth is described. Details of the construction, the function, the treatment, and of the calibration of the oxygen probe are given
Zur Bestimmung von Nitrat in Meer- und Trinkwasser
Es wird eine Methode zur einfachen, schnellen und genauen Bestimmung von Nitrat in Meer- und Trinkwasser beschrieben. Die nitrathaltige Wasserprobe wird unter Zusatz von Ammoniumchlorid und Ammoniak in einem Jones-Reduktor quantitativ zu Nitrit reduziert und das Nitrit photometrisch bestimmt. 0,05 µg-atom Nitrat-Stickstoff im Liter können noch sicher nachgewiesen werden. Die Standardabweichung der Bestimmung liegt bei einem Gehalt von 1,4 µg-atom N03- - N/L bei ∓ 0,016 µg-atom = ∓ 1,2%. Mit 6 Reduktoren können in der Stunde etwa 20 Wasserproben untersucht werden.
A simple, rapid and accurate method for the determination of nitrate in sea and drinking water is described. Ammoniumchloride and ammonia solution are added to the water sample containing nitrate. The sample is quantitatively reduced to nitrite in a Jones reductor with cadmium amalgame. The nitrite is determinated photometrically. 0,05 µg-atom nitrate-nitrogen per liter can be detected surely. The standard cleviation at the 1,4 µg-atom level is ∓ 0,016 µg-atom N03--N / L = ∓ 1,2%. With 6 reductors about 20 samples can be analyzed within 1 hour
Untersuchungen über die Sauerstoffbestimmung im Meerwasser, 2. Teil : über die kontinuierliche ampèrometrische Bestimmung der Vertikalverteilung des Sauerstoffs im Meer
Die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der elektrochemischen Sauerstoffbestimmung im Meerwasser werden diskutiert und die Verhältnisse bei der polarographischen (ampèrometrischen) Sauerstoffreduktion an einer planen, mit einer Cellophan- und Plastikfolie bedeckten Platinkathode näher beschrieben. Es werden genaue Angaben über die Konstruktion einer druckentlasteten Sauerstoffsonde zur Aufnahme von Vertikalregistrierungen der Sauerstoffverteilung im Meer bis in Tiefen von 350 m gemacht. In Laboruntersuchungen wurde die Beziehung zwischen Diffusionsstrom und Sauerstoffgehalt, der Temperaturkoeffizient des Diffusionsstromes, die Einstellzeit der Sonde sowie die Konstanz und Zuverlässigkeit der Messungen bestimmt. Bei einer Reproduzierbarkeit besser als 0,5% hat die Sonde eine Drift von 0,8 % in 5 Tagen. Die niedrigste Strömungsgeschwindigkeit bzw. Fiergeschwindigkeit der Elektrode beträgt ca. 2 m/min. Das Gerät registriert mit großer Empfindlichkeit ebenfalls Schwefelwasserstoff. Der Übergang von Sauerstoff- zur Schwefelwasserstoffanzeige ist an der Umkehr der Stromrichtung kenntlich. Von der ersten praktischen Anwendung der Sonde in der Ostsee sind Beispiele angegeben
Untersuchungen über die Sauerstoffbestimmung im Meerwasser, 1. Teil
Durch zweckmäßig angesetzte Experimente wurden die systematischen Fehler der chemischen Sauerstoffbestimmung in Meerwasser nach der WINKLER-Methode aufgedeckt und die Fehler der einzelnen Schritte quantitativ erfaßt. Dadurch kann der systematische Fehler bei der jeweils angewandten Modifikation abgeschätzt werden. Es werden die Möglichkeiten zur automatischen Titration bei der Sauerstoffbestimmung untersucht und ein Verfahren zur „dead-stop"-Titration beschrieben. Die Standardabweichung der automatischen Methode ist ± 0,03 ml 02/l bei Verwendung von 50 ml-Flaschen zur Probennahme. Die Methode ist schnell und genau.
The systematic errors of the chemical determination of oxygen in sea water by the WINKLER method are pointed out by experiments and determined quantitively. By this it is possible to estimate the systematic error of the modifications applied in praxis. The possibilities of automatic titration in the WINKLER determination are investigated. A rapid and accurate method for automatic "dead stop" titration is described. If 50 ml sampling bottles are taken the standard deviation is ± 0,03 ml 02/l
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