Social power of preadolescent children on influence in their mothers’ purchasing behavior: initial study in Peruvian toy stores

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the relationship between legitimate and expert social power types of preadolescent children on the influence perception in their mothers’ purchasing behavior in Peruvian toy stores. The literature review takes into consideration the concepts of social power and the influence on family behavior to then focus on social power within family behavior with the purpose of mainly developing four hypotheses regarding purchasing behavior. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology followed a non-experimental transversal correlational-causal design. A pilot sample size of 67 cases was used. The sample was based on an objective population of Peruvian mothers of families that live in northern Lima and that go to purchase toys to major shopping centers with their children aged 8-11 years. Findings: The results show that the expert social power, as well as the legitimate social power, has a strong relationship. In addition, both social powers have an impact on the influence perception in purchasing child-mother, but not on the influence perception in purchasing mother-child. Moreover, the test of moderation of the expenditure level on toy purchases did not have an effect on the context that was studied. Originality/value: The contribution shows that important changes are happening in the consumption behavior on the aspect of children influencing mothers, and that for Latin American contexts, the level of expenditure still does not crucially affect the causality demonstrated.Objetivo: Este trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar la relación entre tipos de poder social legítimo y experto de niños preadolescentes sobre la percepción de influencia en el comportamiento de compra de sus madres en las jugueterías peruanas. La revisión de la literatura toma en consideración los conceptos de poder social y la influencia en el comportamiento familiar para luego enfocarse en el poder social dentro del comportamiento familiar con el propósito de desarrollar principalmente cuatro hipótesis sobre el comportamiento adquisitivo. Diseño / metodología / enfoque: La metodología siguió un diseño correlacional-causal transversal no experimental. Se utilizó un tamaño de muestra piloto de 67 casos. La muestra se basó en una población objetiva de madres peruanas de familias que viven en el norte de Lima y que acuden a comprar juguetes a los principales centros comerciales con sus hijos de 8 a 11 años. Recomendaciones: Los resultados muestran que el poder social experto, así como el poder social legítimo, tienen una fuerte relación. Además, ambos poderes sociales inciden en la percepción de influencia en la compra hijo-madre, pero no en la percepción de influencia en la compra madre-hijo. Además, la prueba de moderación del nivel de gasto en compra de juguetes no tuvo efecto en el contexto estudiado. Originalidad / valor: El aporte muestra que se están produciendo cambios importantes en el comportamiento de consumo en el aspecto de los niños que influyen en las madres, y que para los contextos latinoamericanos, el nivel de gasto aún no afecta de manera crucial la causalidad demostrada

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Social power of preadolescent children on influence in their mothers’ purchasing behavior: initial study in Peruvian toy stores

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the relationship between legitimate and expert social power types of preadolescent children on the influence perception in their mothers’ purchasing behavior in Peruvian toy stores. The literature review takes into consideration the concepts of social power and the influence on family behavior to then focus on social power within family behavior with the purpose of mainly developing four hypotheses regarding purchasing behavior. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology followed a non-experimental transversal correlational-causal design. A pilot sample size of 67 cases was used. The sample was based on an objective population of Peruvian mothers of families that live in northern Lima and that go to purchase toys to major shopping centers with their children aged 8-11 years. Findings: The results show that the expert social power, as well as the legitimate social power, has a strong relationship. In addition, both social powers have an impact on the influence perception in purchasing child-mother, but not on the influence perception in purchasing mother-child. Moreover, the test of moderation of the expenditure level on toy purchases did not have an effect on the context that was studied. Originality/value: The contribution shows that important changes are happening in the consumption behavior on the aspect of children influencing mothers, and that for Latin American contexts, the level of expenditure still does not crucially affect the causality demonstrated.Objetivo: Este trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar la relación entre tipos de poder social legítimo y experto de niños preadolescentes sobre la percepción de influencia en el comportamiento de compra de sus madres en las jugueterías peruanas. La revisión de la literatura toma en consideración los conceptos de poder social y la influencia en el comportamiento familiar para luego enfocarse en el poder social dentro del comportamiento familiar con el propósito de desarrollar principalmente cuatro hipótesis sobre el comportamiento adquisitivo. Diseño / metodología / enfoque: La metodología siguió un diseño correlacional-causal transversal no experimental. Se utilizó un tamaño de muestra piloto de 67 casos. La muestra se basó en una población objetiva de madres peruanas de familias que viven en el norte de Lima y que acuden a comprar juguetes a los principales centros comerciales con sus hijos de 8 a 11 años. Recomendaciones: Los resultados muestran que el poder social experto, así como el poder social legítimo, tienen una fuerte relación. Además, ambos poderes sociales inciden en la percepción de influencia en la compra hijo-madre, pero no en la percepción de influencia en la compra madre-hijo. Además, la prueba de moderación del nivel de gasto en compra de juguetes no tuvo efecto en el contexto estudiado. Originalidad / valor: El aporte muestra que se están produciendo cambios importantes en el comportamiento de consumo en el aspecto de los niños que influyen en las madres, y que para los contextos latinoamericanos, el nivel de gasto aún no afecta de manera crucial la causalidad demostrada

Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

non present