Ocena fitotoksičnosti i efikasnosti dikambe u suzbijanju širokolisnih korova u kukuruzu

The aim of this work is to define the phytotoxicity and efficiency of dicamba based herbicides (preparation DICAMBA 480 SL) and possiblity of its application for foliar suppression of broadleaf weeds in the corn crops. During 2011, on the location of Zemun Polje is examined efficiency of this preparation through carrying out of field experiments in accordance with the standard EPPO methods. Trial has been carried out on the soil type chernozem. The experiment included 4 treatments: two for efficact (DICAMBA 480 SL 0,5 and 0,7 l/ha), one for phytotoxicity (DICAMBA 480 SL 1,4 l/ha) and one as the standard (PLAMEN 0,7 l/ha). Preparation is applied foliary, when the corn used to have 4-5 leafs, and weeds 2-5 lefs. Dicamba as selective systemic hormonal herbicide from chemical group of the derivates of benzoic acid does not manifest phytotoxicity towards corn, if applied in recommended quantities and within recommended application time. Results of these experiments denoted good efficiency of dicamba (preparation DICAMBA 480 SL).Cilj ovog rada je bio da se utvrdi fitotoksičnost i efikasnost herbicida dikambe (preparat DICAMBA 480 SL) i mogućnost njegove primene za folijarno suzbijanje širokolisnih korova u usevu kukuruza. Tokom 2011. godine na lokalitetu Zemun Polje ispitivana je efikasnost ovog preparata izvođenjem poljskih ogleda u skladu sa standardnom EPPO metodom. Ispitivanje je vršeno na zemljištu tipa černozem. U ogled je bilo uključeno 4 tretiranja: dva za efikasnost (DICAMBA 480 SL 0,5 i 0,7 l/ha), jedan za fitotoksičnost (DICAMBA 480 SL 1,4 l/ha) i jedan kao standard (PLAMEN 0,7 l/ha). Preparat je primenjen folijarno, kada je kukuruz imao 4-5 listova, a korovi 2-5 listova. Dikamba kao selektivni sistemični hormonalni herbicid iz hemijske grupe derivata benzoeve kiseline, ne ispoljava fitotoksičnost prema kukuruzu, ako se primeni u preporučenim količinama i u preporučeno vreme primene. Rezultati ovih ogleda ukazali su na dobru efikasnost dikambe (preparat DICAMBA 480 SL)

Motivi koji utiču na kupovinu organskih prehrambenih proizvoda

There are number of motives for purchasing organic food. However, the most important one is the concern for one's own health that constitutes the main determinant of the positive attitude towards consummation of organic products. The second is the motive for environmental care, arising from the negative impact of conventional agriculture. There are also regional discrepancies affecting the purchase of these groceries, when observing the consumer's motivation. Despite the fact that consumers worldwide are inclined to and have a positive attitude towards organic products, there is a certain percentage of the population that does not decide to purchase them. Thus, a divergence occurs between consumers' preferences and behaviour as a result of limiting factors. The most significant factor behind non-purchase of organic products at the global level is their high price. Significant factors are also their limited availability, satisfaction with conventional food, lack of information, distrust in these products, unsatisfactory selection, and unreliable quality. A significant number of consumers still have no confidence in organic food and its certification process.Postoje brojni motivi za kupovinu organske hrane. Ipak, kao najvažniji motiv izdvaja se briga o sopstvenom zdravlju, koja čini i glavnu determinantu pozitivnog stava prema konzumiranju organskih namirnica. Nakon zdravlja, drugo mesto zauzima motiv brige o životnoj sredini, proistekao iz negativnih posledica konvencionalne poljoprivrede. Iz ugla sagledavanja motivacije potrošača širom sveta, prisutne su regionalne razlike koje utiču na kupovinu ove vrste namirnica. Iako potrošači širom sveta imaju sklonost i pozitivan stav prema organskim proizvodima, postoji procenat populacije koji se ne odlučuje za kupovinu iste, što znači da je prisutno neslaganje između preferencija i ponašanja potrošača, koje je rezultat delovanja ograničavajućih faktora. Najznačajniji faktor nekupovine organskih proizvoda na globalnom nivou je njihova visoka cena, dok se na ostalim pozicijama nalazi njihova ograničena dostupnost, zadovoljstvo konvencionalnom hranom, nedostatak informacija i poverenja u ove proizvode, nezadovoljavajući asortiman, nepouzdan kvalitet, dok znatan deo potrošača i dalje nema poverenja u organsku hranu i proces sertifikacije

Značaj združenih useva u organskoj proizvodnji lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja

Organic production of medicinal and aromatic plants is consistent with numerous regulations; hence it is under strict legal control. It implies a production system that does not disturb the naturally consistent balance of ecosystems in which plants are grown, taking into account the preservation of healing properties of derivatives obtained by further processing thereof. This production can be established on virgin lands, or those used for agricultural production but without the application of synthetic chemicals, for a period of at least two years. The main cultivated medicinal and aromatic plants in Serbia are: rosemary, coriander, chamomile, peppermint, lemon balm, valerian, thyme, etc. Weeds are the most serious problem in the organic production system of these plants, while damages caused by diseases are not economically significant. Intercropping in the organic cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants is the simplest and, at the same time, a very efficient method to reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, since the use of pesticides is not allowed in the organic production system. Plant cultivation in this system, in relation to continuous cropping, contributes to increased biodiversity, better utilisation of natural resources, higher yields of many plants and reduced abundance of weeds and pests. Moreover, it is very important to emphasise that the effects of intercropping on the quality of an agroecosystem and plants themselves are great, which further leads to a more efficient ability of plants to develop resistance to insects and numerous pathogens.Organska proizvodnja lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja usklađena je sa brojnim regulativama, te se nalazi pod strogom zakonskom kontrolom. Podrazumeva takav sistem proizvodnje koji neće narušiti prirodno usklađenu ravnotežu ekosistema u kome se bilje gaji, vodeći pritom računa o očuvanju lekovitosti derivata koji se dobijaju daljom preradom istih. Organska proizvodnja lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja može se zasnivati na devičanskim zemljištima ili zemljištima iz poljoprivredne proizvodnje na kojima nije bilo upotrebe sintetičkih hemikalija u periodu od najmanje dve godine. Među gajenim vrstama lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja u Srbiji, najveću proizvodnju zauzimaju ruzmarin, korijander, kamilica, nana, matičnjak, valerijana, majčina dušica, a od samoniklih vrsta kantarion, hajdučka trava, žalfija, kleka, lovor, smilje, bor i druge vrste. Najveći problem u organskom sistemu proizvodnje ovog bilja predstavljaju korovi, dok bolesti ne čine ekonomski značajne štete. Primena združenih useva u organskom uzgoju lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja najjednostavniji je, a pritom veoma efikasan način da se redukuje pojava štetočina i bolesti, s obzirom na to da u organskom sistemu proizvodnje nije dozvoljena upotreba pesticida. Uzgojem biljaka u ovom sistemu, u odnosu na monokulturu, povećava se biodiverzitet, bolje se iskorišćavaju resursi iz prirodnog okruženja, povećava se prinos mnogih biljaka, smanjuje brojnost korova i štetočina, a takođe, što je veoma bitno istaći, združeni usevi imaju veći uticaj na kvalitet agroekosistema i samih biljaka, što dalje utiče na efikasniju sposobnost biljaka u stvaranju otpornosti prema insektima i mnogim patogenima

Globalno tržište organske hrane

Organic agricultural production enables the production of controlled, certified, safe, and high-quality food, and at the same time it provides high economic and ecological profit and preserves a healthy environment. Consumer interests in products of organic origin have been steadily growing for twenty years. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the situation in the global organic food market, as well as to point out the most important motives for consumers to decide on the consumption of organically produced foods. All countries around the world record a trend of continual organic food and beverage market growth. In some countries this growth is expressed with doubledigit numbers. The United States is the largest organic food market, with a total of 35.8 trillion euros. Fruits, vegetables, bread, cereals, drinks, milk and meat have the biggest share in the organic food market in all countries of the world. Fresh fruits take the first position in international trade. Although the production and sale of organic food is concentrated in highly developed countries, less developed countries are becoming important producers and exporters of organic products.Organska poljoprivredna proizvodnja omogućava proizvodnju kontrolisane, sertifikovane, zdravstveno bezbedne, a pritom jako kvalitetne hrane, uz ostvarenje visokog ekonomskog i ekološkog profita i očuvanja zdrave životne sredine. Interes potrošača za proizvode organskog porekla permanentno raste već dvadeset godina. Cilj ovog rada je da dâ pregled stanja na globalnom tržištu organske hrane, kao i da ukaže na najvažnije motive zbog kojih se potrošači odlučuju za konzumaciju organski proizvedenih namirnica. Sve zemlje širom sveta beleže trend kontinuiranog rasta tržišta organske hrane i pića, dok je u nekim zemljama ovo povećanje dvocifreno. Sjedinjene Američke Države predstavljaju najveće tržište organske hrane, sa ukupno 35,8 milijardi evra. Vodeću ulogu na tržištu organske hrane u svim zemljama sveta imaju voće i povrće, hleb, žitarice, piće, mleko i meso. U međunarodnoj trgovini, sveže voće zauzima prvu poziciju. Iako je proizvodnja i prodaja organske hrane koncentrisana u visoko razvijenim zemljama, i manje razvijene zemlje postaju značajni proizvođači i izvoznici organskih proizvoda, u prilog čemu ide činjenica da je izvozni potencijal na tržištu organske hrane neograničen

The influence of prouduction methods on vigour and chemical composition of maize, spelt and soybean seeds

У трогодишњем временском периоду (2015 - 2017) вршена су истраживања утицаја органског и конвенционалног начина производње на животну способност и хемијски састав семена кукуруза, спелте и соје. Животна способност семена кукуруза и соје испитивана је применом теста убрзаног старења семена. У оквиру хемијских параметара одређиван је садржај укупних протеина и липида, састав масних киселина и триацилглицерола, садржај пигмената (хлорофил а и б и каротеноиди), укупних растворљивих шећера, скроба и појединачних шећера, укупних (слободних и везаних) полифенола, укупних (слободних и везаних) флавоноида, састав макро- и микроелемената, као и одређивање антиоксидативности применом FRP и ABTS·+ метода. Како би се утврдиле могуће разлике у садржају микотоксина између органског и конвенционалног семена, одређивано је присуство афлатоксина B1, B2, G1 и G2 методом HPLC/FLD и деоксиниваленола методом HPLC/DAD. Испитивање ставова потрошача у Србији према органској храни и семену, односно разлике у ставовима испитаника анализирани су према полу, узрасту и степену образовања. За прикупљање података примењен је метод анкетирања коришћењем анкетних упитника. Испитивањем макро- и микроелемената, утврђено је присуство потенцијално токсичних елемената, нарочито кадмијума и стронцијума. Овим истраживањем је утврђено да су органска семена кукуруза, спелте и соје богат извор селена. Добијени резултати одређивања хемијских параметара у семену указују да не постоји јасан закључак да ли семе из органског или конвенционалног начина производње има бољи хемијски састав. Од испитиваних микотоксина, афлатоксин B1 и деоксиниваленол детектовани су једино у узорку органског кукуруза из 2015. године у концентрацијама које су ниже од максимално прописаних вредности.The research was conducted within a three - year (2015 - 2017) to study the influence of organic and conventional production methods on the vigour and chemical composition of maize, spelt, and soybean seeds. The vigour of maize and soybean seeds was studied by using the accelerated aging test. The chemical parameters were used to determine the total content of protein and lipid, fatty acids and triglycerides profile, the content of pigments (a and b chlorophyll, and carotenoids), total soluble sugar, starch, and individual sugars, total (free and bound) polyphenol and flavonoid, the composition of macro- and microelements, and to establish the antioxidant activity by using the FRP and ABTS·+ assays. In order to determine the possible differences in the content of mycotoxins between the organic and conventional seed, the presence of alfatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) were examined with the HPLC/FLD method as well as the presence of deoxynivalenol by using the HPLC/DAD method. The results of survey conducted among the Serbian consumers and their attitudes towards organic food and seeds are presented and classified according to the gender, age, and education i.e. the differences in their answers. The data was collected by using questionnaires. Investigation of macro- and microelements confirmed the presence of potentially toxic elements, especially cadmium and strontium. The study showed that organic maize, spelt, and soybean seeds are a good source of selenium. The results obtained from chemical analysis of seeds indicate there is no conclusive evidence whether the conventional or organic seed has a better chemical composition. Regarding the studied mycotoxins content, aflatoxin B1 and deoxynivalenol were only detected in the sample of organic maize from 2015 in the concentrations below the maximum allowed value

Organska proizvodnja lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja u Republici Srbiji

In developed countries around the world, the tendency of spreading and demand for medicinal raw materilars that originate from organically produced oil grows from year to year, with maximal compatibility with the laws of nature. This means such type of production, that will not violate the natural balance of surrounding environment, also maintaining salubrity of obtained derivatives that won't be contaminated by harmful materials. Because of these facts, predictions are that the whole production of medicinal and aromatic plants will be directed towards production that will be in accordance with organic methods of production in accordance with law, in the future. In Republic of Serbia there is still small number of producers that offer sufficient amount of medicinal plants for exporting. Organic production of the medicinal and aromatic plants in Serbia in the year of 2015 was spread across the area of 70,94 ha, which is the smallest area when compared to areas that are used for organic production of cereals, fruits, vegetables, industrial and fodder plants. By each passing year the sector of organic production grows continuously, so the areas covered with each type of crops keep gorwing, and so the production of medicinal and aromatic plants also has tendency of growth. In comparison, for the past year, those areas are larger by 100,01 ha. Southern and Eastern Serbia are the regions where the areas covered with this type of plant production are located, with a share of 40,31 ha in total, while the Vojvodina region, with a share of 30,33 ha, is at the second place. Lavender (23,45 ha), mustard (20,39 ha), immortelle (9,95 ha), balm (6,67 ha), cumin (4,03 ha), marigold (1,08 ha) and coriander (0,89 ha) are plant types with the biggest share in organic production of the medicinal and aromatic plants. Although the need for this type of organically produced plants keeps growing on the global market, domestic producers, in spite of favorable natural conditions, are still failing to secure sufficient amount of these plants.U Republici Srbiji, organska proizvodnja lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja u 2015. godini odvijala se na površini od 70,94 ha (2,67 ha u periodu konvezije, a 68,27 ha u organskom statusu), zauzimajući najmanje površine u poređenju sa proizvodnjom žita, voća, povrća, industrijskog i krmnog bilja. S obzirom da celukupni organski sektor ima tendenciju stalnog rasta, tako je i proizvodnja ovog bilja povećana za 10,01 ha u odnosu na prethodnu 2014.godinu, dok su u poređenju sa 2012. godinom površine uvećane za 42,54 ha. Jedan od regiona u Republici Srbiji, u kome nema registrovanih organskih proizvođača lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja u 2015. godini je Grad Beograd, dok su najveće površine skoncentrisane u regionu Južne i Istočne Srbije, sa udelom od 40,31 ha. Najveću organsku proizvodnju ovog bilja u Srbiji ostvaruju lavanda (23,45 ha), slačica (20,39 ha), smilje (9,95 ha), matičnjak (6,67 ha), kim (4,03 ha), neven (1,08 ha) i korijander (0,89 ha). 50% ukupnog prometa lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja u Srbiji ostvaruje se plantažnom proizvodnjom, dok se preostalih 50 % obezbeđuje sakupljanjem iz spontane flore

Organska proizvodnja industrijskog bilja u Srbiji

Organic production is a form of sustainable agriculture which protects human health and agro-ecosystems, and provides a significant economic profit. Since the area under this type of agricultural production increases throughout the world, the production of organic industrial plants records a trend of permanent increase. The aim of this study was to show the production status and production areas in Serbia for the period of 2013-2015. During the analyzed period, the area under this type of production increased by 75%. The highest organic production of industrial plants is concentrated in Vojvodina. The area increased twofold in 2014, while in 2015 a threefold increase of area was recorded (compared to 2013 data). Serbia has very favorable conditions for organic crop production, as well as an additional investment to support producers, facilitate greater dissemination of their products to foreign markets, which have unlimited demand.Organska poljoprivredna proizvodnja predstavlja vid održive poljoprivredne proizvodnje, štiteći zdravlje ljudi, agro- i ekosistem, a pri tome osigurava značajan ekonomski profit. Kako se površine pod ovim vidom poljoprivredne proizvodnje uvećavaju širom sveta, tako i proizvodnja organskog industrijskog bilja beleži trend permanentnog rasta. U tom cilju, želeli smo da prikažemo stanje proizvodnih površina u Srbiji za period od 2013 - 2015. godine. U analiziranom periodu od 2013. do 2015. godine površine pod ovim vidom proizvodnje uvećane su za 75%. Najveća organska proizvodnja industrijskog bilja skoncentrisana je u Vojvodini. U odnosu na 2013. godinu, u 2014. godini površine su dvostruko uvećane, dok je u 2015. godini zabeleženo trostruko uvećanje površina (u poređenju sa podacima iz 2013. godine). Srbija poseduje izuzetno povoljne uslove za organsku proizvodnju industrijskog bilja, te bi uz dodatnu investicionu podršku proizvođačima omogućila veće širenje njihovih proizvoda na inostrana tržišta, koja imaju neograničenu potražnju

Površine pod organskom proizvodnjom žita u Srbiji

In the whole organic farming sector, the greatest land areas serve for the production of wheat which has been in constant growth in recent years. The aim of this paper is to show the dynamics of land area change regarding organic farming regions in Serbia for the period of 2012 to 2015. According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection, total land area with organic farming status in Serbia is 15298.02 ha (data for 2015). The major part is used for organic wheat farming, with the share of 4251.94 ha. The Region of Vojvodina has the biggest organic wheat farming land area (4045.57 ha). The region of Southern and Eastern Serbia holds the second place (158.77 ha), followed by the City of Belgrade (31.45 ha). Finally, the region of Šumadija and West Serbia holds the last place with organic wheat farming land area of 16.15 ha. Considering remarkable natural conditions for wheat farming, our country does not take the full advantage of that natural potential despite the unsaturated global market for this kind of goods.U celokupnom sektoru organske poljoprivredne proizvodnje, najveće površine zauzima Proizvodnja žita, koja iz godine u godinu beleži kontinuiran rast, te je cilj ovog rada da prikaže kretanje površina pod organskom proizvodnjom žita u Srbiji - po regionima, za period od 2012 do 2015. godine. Prema podacima Ministarstva poljoprivrede i zaštite životne sredine, ukupne površine sa organskim statusom u Srbiji u 2015.godini iznose 15298.02 ha, pri čemu vodeću ulogu zauzima organska proizvodnja žita, sa udelom od 4251.94 ha. Region Vojvodine odlikuje najveća organska proizvodnja žita (4045.57 ha), dok se na drugom mestu nalazi region Južne i Istočne Srbije (158.77 ha), a zatim sledi Grad Beograd sa 31.45 ha, dok region Šumadije i Zapadne Srbije sa površinom od 16.15 ha zauzima poslednje mesto. S obzirom na izuzetno povoljne prirodne uslove za proizvodnju žita, naša zemlja i dalje ne koristi ove prirodne potencijale, uprkos činjenici da su potrebe svetskog tržišta za ovom vrstom proizvoda neograničene

Biljna proizvodnja po konceptu organske poljoprivrede u svetu i Republici Srbiji - istorijat i trenutno stanje

Unlike conventional agriculture, organic farming, as a form of sustainable agriculture, and its production methods preserve and upgrade biodiversity of the soil and biodiversity of the entire ecosystem by protecting the environment, plants, and human health. It appeared at the beginning of XX century in Poland and has been spreading in many countries worldwide ever since. In 2015, this type of agricultural production was implemented at a global level on an area of 50.9 million ha. The largest areas are located in Oceania (22.8 mil. ha) and Europe (12.7 mil. ha), whereas grass areas make up the most, and arable land makes up only 15% there of. In the period 2014-2015, the area increased by 6.5 mil. ha at the global level. In 2015, the largest increase was recorded in Oceania (23.2%) and in 98 countries around the world, while a decrease was recorded in 32 countries. Europe performs ¼ of the world's organic production. In Serbia, organic production makes up 15298 ha (13398 ha belongs to arable land, 1899 ha to meadows and pastures). The largest number of producers is located in Vojvodina, and in Western and Southern Serbia. Cereals have a leading role with a production area of 2182.89 ha. Having in mind the great potentials for organic production in Serbia, experts' plan for the next decade is to increase the area for this type of agricultural production by 20%.Organska poljoprivredna proizvodnja, kao vid održive poljoprivrede, za razliku od konvencionalne poljoprivrede, svojim metodama proizvodnje povećava plodnost zemljišta, čuva i unapređuje njegov biodiverzitet, kao i biodiverzitet čitavog ekosistema, štiteći životnu sredinu, zdravlje biljaka, životinja i čoveka, uz primenu najviših standarda kvaliteta proizvodnje. Pojavljuje se početkom dvadesetog veka u Poljskoj, nastavljajući širenje u mnogobrojnim zemljama širom sveta do današnjih dana, te tako, u 2015. godini zauzima površinu od 50.9 miliona ha na globalnom nivou. Najveće površine pod ovim vidom poljoprivredne proizvodnje nalaze se u Okeaniji (22.8 miliona ha) i Evropi (12.7 miliona ha), pri čemu u strukturi površina dominiraju travne površine, a obradive čine svega 15%. Na globalnom nivou, u toku perioda od 2014-2015. godine, površine su uvećane za 6.5 miliona ha. U 2015. godini, najveće uvećanje zabeleženo je u Okeaniji (za 23.2%), kao i u 98 zemalja širom sveta, dok je pad zabeležen u 32 zemlje. U Evropi je skoncentrisana ¼ svetske organske proizvodnje. U Srbiji, organska proizvodnja se odvija na površini od 15298 ha (13398 ha pripada obradivom zemljištu, a 1899 ha livadama i pašnjacima), pri čemu se najveći broj proizvođača nalazi u Vojvodini, a zatim u Zapadnoj i Južnoj Srbiji. Žita, sa proizvodnim površinama od 2182.89 ha, zauzimaju vodeću ulogu. S obzirom na izuzetne potencijale za organsku proizvodnju u Srbiji, plan stručnjaka je da se u narednoj deceniji površine pod ovim vidom poljoprivredne proizvodnje uvećaju za 20%

The benefits of organic production of medicinal and aromatic plants in intercropping system

Organic production of medicinal and aromatic plants is consistent with numerous regulations; hence it is under strict legal control. It implies a production system that does not disturb the naturally consistent balance of ecosystems in which plants are grown, taking into account the preservation of healing properties of derivatives obtained by further processing thereof. This production can be established on virgin lands, or those used for agricultural production but without the application of synthetic chemicals, for a period of at least two years. The main cultivated medicinal and aromatic plants in Serbia are: rosemary, coriander, chamomile, peppermint, lemon balm, valerian, thyme, etc. Weeds are the most serious problem in the organic production system of these plants, while damages caused by diseases are not economically significant. Intercropping in the organic cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants is the simplest and, at the same time, a very efficient method to reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, since the use of pesticides is not allowed in the organic production system. Plant cultivation in this system, in relation to continuous cropping, contributes to increased biodiversity, better utilisation of natural resources, higher yields of many plants and reduced abundance of weeds and pests. Moreover, it is very important to emphasise that the effects of intercropping on the quality of an agroecosystem and plants themselves are great, which further leads to a more efficient ability of plants to develop resistance to insects and numerous pathogens