64 research outputs found
Production of highly-polarized positrons using polarized electrons at MeV energies
The Polarized Electrons for Polarized Positrons experiment at the injector of
the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility has demonstrated for the
first time the efficient transfer of polarization from electrons to positrons
produced by the polarized bremsstrahlung radiation induced by a polarized
electron beam in a high- target. Positron polarization up to 82\% have been
measured for an initial electron beam momentum of 8.19~MeV/, limited only by
the electron beam polarization. This technique extends polarized positron
capabilities from GeV to MeV electron beams, and opens access to polarized
positron beam physics to a wide community.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Measurement of the Target-Normal Single-Spin Asymmetry in Quasi-Elastic Scattering from the Reaction He
We report the first measurement of the target single-spin asymmetry, ,
in quasi-elastic scattering from the inclusive reaction
He on a He gas target polarized normal to the
lepton scattering plane. Assuming time-reversal invariance, this asymmetry is
strictly zero for one-photon exchange. A non-zero can arise from the
interference between the one- and two-photon exchange processes which is
sensitive to the details of the sub-structure of the nucleon. An experiment
recently completed at Jefferson Lab yielded asymmetries with high statistical
precision at 0.13, 0.46 and 0.97 GeV. These measurements
demonstrate, for the first time, that the He asymmetry is clearly non-zero
and negative with a statistical significance of (8-10). Using measured
proton-to-He cross-section ratios and the effective polarization
approximation, neutron asymmetries of (1-3)% were obtained. The neutron
asymmetry at high is related to moments of the Generalized Parton
Distributions (GPDs). Our measured neutron asymmetry at GeV
agrees well with a prediction based on two-photon exchange using a GPD model
and thus provides a new, independent constraint on these distributions
A Precision Measurement of the Neutron Twist-3 Matrix Element : Probing Color Forces
Double-spin asymmetries and absolute cross sections were measured at large
Bjorken (0.25 0.90), in both the deep-inelastic and resonance
regions, by scattering longitudinally polarized electrons at beam energies of
4.7 and 5.9 GeV from a transversely and longitudinally polarized He target.
In this dedicated experiment, the spin structure function on He was
determined with precision at large , and the neutron twist-three matrix
element was measured at \left of 3.21 and 4.32
GeV/, with an absolute precision of about . Our results are
found to be in agreement with lattice QCD calculations and resolve the
disagreement found with previous data at \left = 5 GeV/.
Combining and a newly extracted twist-four matrix element, , the
average neutron color electric and magnetic forces were extracted and found to
be of opposite sign and about 30 MeV/fm in magnitude.Comment: Corrected a typo in the author list and Figure 1 legend. 6 pages, 2
figures, 2 table
The European Union in the World — A Community of Values
These are momentous times in Europe. The Euro has been successfully introduced, the enlargement negotiations are approaching their climax, and the European Convention (“Convention”) is moving towards the drafting of a constitution for a new, continent-wide political entity. At the same time, unrest is manifest, particularly in two areas. On the one hand, many of our citizens, and not just the political elites, are dissatisfied with Europe\u27s performance on the world stage and are concerned about the maintenance of peace and security within the Union. In these areas they would like to see a strengthened, more effective entity-- “more Europe.” On the other hand, their disenchantment with the long reach of European Union (“EU” or “Union”) regulation in the first pillar area of economic policy is growing. The feeling of loss of local control over their destiny and a vague feeling of potential loss of identity within an ever more centralized polity is palpable. Here, they want “less Europe.” In the outside world, change is also the order of the day. The ice-sheet of bipolarity, which overlaid and hid the complexity of international relations during the Cold War, is breaking up at an ever-increasing speed and revealing a world in which two paradigms are competing to become the underlying ordering principles for the new century. The traditional paradigm of interacting Nation States, each pursuing its own separate interests, with alliances allowing the small to compete with the large, is alive and well, and its proponents like Machiavelli or Churchill continue to be in vogue in the literature of international relations and the rhetoric of world leaders. At the same time, there is a school of thought which points to the growing economic and ecological interdependence of our societies and the necessity for new forms of global governance to complement national action. It is also becoming abundantly clear that the concept of a “Nation State” is often a fiction, positing as it does an identity between the citizens of a State and the members of a culturally homogenous society. For both reasons, the concept of the Nation State as the principal actor on the world stage, is called into question. The experience of the Union with the sharing of State sovereignty is clearly related to the second paradigm and also to the EU\u27s firm support for the development of the United Nations (“U.N.”) as well as other elements of multilateral governance. It would hardly be wise to suggest that any foreign policy, and certainly not that of the EU, should be based only on this paradigm. Given the recurrent threats to security, which seem to be part of the human condition expressed by some as the “inevitability of war”--the defense of territorial integrity; action against threats of aggression; and resistance to crimes against humanity such as genocide--the ability to conduct a security policy based much more on the old paradigm of interacting interests will continue to be required. That the EU needs to develop such a capability will be taken here as a given. Such a crisis-management capability will be essential to the Union, but will be distinguished here from the more long-term elements of foreign policy, which can be thought of as being designed to reduce the need for crisis management in the context of a security policy to a minimum. The crisis-management area of policy will not be treated further here. The thesis of this Essay is that the same set of political concepts can serve as a guide to the future internal development of the EU and as the basis of such a long-term foreign policy. Furthermore, it suggests that neither should be seen in terms of the balancing of interests but rather, as the expression of a small list of fundamental values. The list is as follows: (1) the rule of law as the basis for relations between members of society; (2) the interaction between the democratic process and entrenched human rights in political decision-making; (3) the operation of competition within a market economy as the source of increasing prosperity; (4) the anchoring of the principle of solidarity among all members of society alongside that of the liberty of the individual; (5) the adoption of the principle of sustainability of all economic development; and (6) the preservation of separate identities and the maintenance of cultural diversity within society. These values can be seen as the answer to the question posed both, by citizens of the Union and by our fellow citizens of the world: “What does the EU stand for?” In exploring these values we should, however, remember that in the real world there will be occasions on which Realpolitik will intrude and the interest-based paradigm will prevail
Single Spin Asymmetries of Inclusive Hadrons Produced in Electron Scattering from a Transversely Polarized He Target
We report the first measurement of target single-spin asymmetries (A) in
the inclusive hadron production reaction,
+, using a transversely polarized
He target. The experiment was conducted at Jefferson Lab in Hall A using a
5.9-GeV electron beam. Three types of hadrons (,
and proton) were detected in the transverse hadron momentum range 0.54
0.74 GeV/c. The range of for pions was -0.29 -0.23 and for kaons
-0.25 -0.18. The observed asymmetry strongly depends on the type of
hadron. A positive asymmetry is observed for and . A
negative asymmetry is observed for . The magnitudes of the asymmetries
follow . The K and proton
asymmetries are consistent with zero within the experimental uncertainties. The
and asymmetries measured for the He target and
extracted for neutrons are opposite in sign with a small increase observed as a
function of .Comment: Updated version, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Measurement of pretzelosity asymmetry of charged pion production in Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering on a polarized He target
An experiment to measure single-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive production
of charged pions in deep-inelastic scattering on a transversely polarized
He target was performed at Jefferson Lab in the kinematic region of
and . The pretzelosity asymmetries on
He, which can be expressed as the convolution of the
transverse momentum dependent distribution functions and the Collins
fragmentation functions in the leading order, were measured for the first time.
Using the effective polarization approximation, we extracted the corresponding
neutron asymmetries from the measured He asymmetries and cross-section
ratios between the proton and He. Our results show that for both
on He and on the neutron the pretzelosity asymmetries are
consistent with zero within experimental uncertainties.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures; enlarged the legends in Fig.3; added 3 citation
Double Spin Asymmetries of Inclusive Hadron Electroproductions from a Transversely Polarized Target
We report the measurement of beam-target double-spin asymmetries
() in the inclusive production of identified hadrons,
+, using a longitudinally
polarized 5.9 GeV electron beam and a transversely polarized
target. Hadrons (, and proton) were detected at
16 with an average momentum =2.35 GeV/c and a transverse
momentum () coverage from 0.60 to 0.68 GeV/c. Asymmetries from the
target were observed to be non-zero for production
when the target was polarized transversely in the horizontal plane. The
and asymmetries have opposite signs, analogous to the
behavior of in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering.Comment: Published in PRC (92.015207), nuclear experiment, high-energy
experimen
Single Spin Asymmetries in Charged Kaon Production from Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering on a Transversely Polarized Target
We report the first measurement of target single spin asymmetries of charged
kaons produced in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering of electrons off a
transversely polarized target. Both the Collins and Sivers
moments, which are related to the nucleon transversity and Sivers
distributions, respectively, are extracted over the kinematic range of
0.10.4 for and production. While the Collins and
Sivers moments for are consistent with zero within the experimental
uncertainties, both moments for favor negative values. The Sivers
moments are compared to the theoretical prediction from a phenomenological fit
to the world data. While the Sivers moments are consistent with the
prediction, the results differ from the prediction at the 2-sigma
level.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure
Measurement of the single-spin asymmetry A y 0 in quasi-elastic 3He↑(e,e′n) scattering at 0.4 < Q 2 < 1.0 GeV/c 2
No abstract available
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