ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ПРОДУКТІВ У ЛЬВОВІ В ПЕРШІ ПОВОЄННІ РОКИ ТА ЙОГО ВПЛИВ НА ХАРЧУВАННЯ МІСТЯН

У статті йдеться про повоєнні способи збереження продуктів у промислових масштабах на тлі відсутності електричного холодильного обладнання. Встановлено, що основними холодильними реагентами в тогочасному Львові були лід, сіль і дим. Простежено впровадження в місті перших радянських електричних холодильників та соціально-побутові зміни, викликані таким нововведенням. Проаналізовано вплив збереження їжі на харчування львів’ян та визначено основні типи продуктів, які зберігали на основі давніх усталених традицій. При роботі над статтею використано загальнонаукові методи дослідження – причиново-наслідковий, порівняльний та системний аналізи, які дають змогу структурувати матеріал дослідження, глибше розкрити основні практики збереження продуктів. При роботі з матеріалом та вирішенні поставлених завдань автор брав за орієнтир головні принципи історичної науки: верифікацію джерел, об’єктивність та історизм. Роботу структуровано на основі хронологічного підходу. Ключові слова: їжа, лід, льодівня, холодильник, сульфітування, копчення, соління, львів’янин

Update for the practicing pathologist: The International Consultation On Urologic Disease-European association of urology consultation on bladder cancer

The International Consultations on Urological Diseases are international consensus meetings, supported by the World Health Organization and the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer, which have occurred since 1981. Each consultation has the goal of convening experts to review data and provide evidence-based recommendations to improve practice. In 2012, the selected subject was bladder cancer, a disease which remains a major public health problem with little improvement in many years. The proceedings of the 2nd International Consultation on Bladder Cancer, which included a 'Pathology of Bladder Cancer Work Group,' have recently been published; herein, we provide a summary of developments and consensus relevant to the practicing pathologist. Although the published proceedings have tackled a comprehensive set of issues regarding the pathology of bladder cancer, this update summarizes the recommendations regarding selected issues for the practicing pathologist. These include guidelines for classification and grading of urothelial neoplasia, with particular emphasis on the approach to inverted lesions, the handling of incipient papillary lesions frequently seen during surveillance of bladder cancer patients, descriptions of newer variants, and terminology for urine cytology reporting

Low grade spindle cell sarcoma of the true vocal folds

Laryngeal tumors of non-epithelial origin are uncommon. Spindle cell sarcoma specifically of the true vocal fold is exceedingly rare. A comprehensive morphological and immunohistochemical analysis is necessary for diagnosis. Two cases of true vocal fold spindle cell sarcoma are presented

Computer-aided Gleason grading of prostate cancer histopathological images using texton forests

The Gleason score is the single most important prognostic indicator for prostate cancer candidates and plays a significant role in treatment planning. Histopathological imaging of prostate tissue samples provides the gold standard for obtaining the Gleason score, but the manual assignment of Gleason grades is a labor-intensive and errorprone process. We have developed a texture classification system for automatic and reproducible Gleason grading. Our system characterizes the texture in images belonging to a tumor grade by clustering extracted filter responses at each pixel into textons (basic texture elements). We have used random forests to cluster the filter responses into textons followed by the spatial pyramid match kernel in conjunction with an SVM classifier. We have demonstrated the efficacy of our system in distinguishing betwee

Association of very low prostate-specific antigen levels with increased cancer-specific death in men with high-grade prostate cancer

The objective of this study was to determine whether a very low presenting prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was associated with greater prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) among men with a Gleason score (GS) of 8 to 10. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program was used to identify 328,904 men diagnosed with clinicalT1 (cT1)-4N0M0 prostate cancer between 2004 and 2010. A multivariate Fine-Gray competing risks regression analysis was used to determine PCSM as a function of the PSA level (≤ 2.5, 2.6-4, 4.1-10, 10.1-20, 20.1-40, or > 40 ng/mL) and GS (8-10 vs ≤ 7). The median follow-up was 38 months. Among men with GS 8-10 disease, with a PSA level of 4.1 to 10 ng/mL as the referent, the adjusted hazard ratio for PCSM for men was 2.15 with a PSA level ≤ 2.5 ng/mL (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65-2.79; P 40 ng/mL (95% CI, 2.85-3.65; P < .001). This suggested a U-shaped distribution. There was a significant interaction between the PSA level and GS (P(interaction)  < .001) such that only a PSA level ≤ 2.5 ng/mL significantly predicted poorer PCSM among patients with GS 8-10 disease. Among patients with high-grade disease, patients with PSA levels ≤ 2.5 ng/mL or PSA levels of 2.6 to 4 ng/mL appear to have a higher risk for cancer-specific death in comparison with patients with PSA levels of 10.1 to 20 ng/mL, and this supports the notion that low PSA levels in GS 8-10 disease may be a sign of aggressive and very poorly differentiated or anaplastic low PSA-producing tumors. Patients with low-PSA, GS 8-10 disease should be considered for clinical trials studying the use of chemotherapy and other novel agents for very high-risk prostate cancers

Network cycle features: Application to computer-aided gleason grading of prostate cancer histopathological images

Features extracted from cell networks have become popular tools in histological image analysis. However, existing features do not take sufficient advantage of the cycle structure present within the cell networks. We introduce a new class of network cycle features that take advantage of such structures. We demonstrate the utility of these features for automated prostate cancer scoring using histological images. Prostate cancer is commonly scored by pathologists using the Gleason grading system and our automated system based upon network cycle features serves an important need in making this process less labor-intensive and more reproducible. Our system first extracts the cells from the histological images, computes networks from the cell locations and then computes features based upon statistics for the different cycles present in these networks. Using an SVM (Support Vector Machine) classifier on these features, we demonstrate the efficacy of our system in distinguishing between grade 3 and grade 4 prostate tumors. We also show the superiority of our approach over previously developed systems for this problem based upon texture features, fractal features and alternative network features. Index Terms — Gleason grading, prostate cancer, network features, classificatio

A structural-functional MRI-based disease atlas: application to computer-aided-diagnosis of prostate cancer

ABSTRACT Different imaging modalities or protocols of a single patient may convey different types of information regarding a disease for the same anatomical organ/tissue. On the other hand, multi-modal/multi-protocol medical images from several different patients can also provide spatial statistics of the disease occurrence, which in turn can greatly aid in disease diagnosis and aid in improved, accurate biopsy and targeted treatment. It is therefore important to not only integrate medical images from multiple patients into a common coordinate frame (in the form of a population-based atlas), but also find the correlation between these multi-modal/multi-protocol data features and the disease spatial distribution in order to identify different quantitative structural and functional disease signatures. Most previous work on construction of anatomical atlases has focused on deriving a population-based atlas for the purpose of deriving the spatial statistics. Moreover, these models are typically derived from normal or healthy subjects, either explicitly or implicitly, where it is assumed that the inter-patient pathological variation is not large. These methods are not suitable for constructing a disease atlas, where significant differences between patients on account of disease related variations can be expected. In this paper, we present a novel framework for the construction of a multi-parametric MRI-based data-driven disease atlas consisting of multi-modal and multi-protocol data from across multiple patient studies. Our disease atlas contains 3 Tesla structural (T2) and functional (dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)) prostate in vivo MRI with corresponding whole mount histology specimens obtained via radical prostatectomy. Our atlas construction framework comprises 3 distinct modules: (a) determination of disease spatial extent on the multi-protocol MR imagery for each patient, (b) construction of a multi-protocol MR imaging spatial atlas which captures the geographical proclivity of the disease, and (c) feature extraction and the construction of the data-driven multi-protocol MRI based prostate cancer atlas. The marriage of data driven and spatial atlases could serve as a useful tool for clinicians to identifying structural and functional imaging disease signatures so as to make better, more informed diagnoses. Each spatial location in this atlas can be associated with a high dimensional multi-attribute quantitative feature vector. Additionally, since the feature vectors are extracted from across multiple patient studies, each spatial location in the data-driven atlas can be characterized by a feature distribution (in turn characterized by a mean and standard deviation). Preliminary investigation in quantitatively correlating the disease signatures from across the spatial and data driven atlases suggests that our quantitative atlas framework could emerge as a powerful tool for discovering prostate cancer imaging signatures

p53 mutations as fingerprints for aristolochic acid: an environmental carcinogen in endemic (Balkan) nephropathy

The activation of protooncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes are considered to be the main molecular events in the multistep process of carcinogenesis. Mutations of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene have been found in nearly all tumor types and are estimated to contribute to more than 50% of all cancers. Most mutations lead to the synthesis of highly stable, inactive proteins that accumulate in the nucleus of cancer cells. Among the 393 codons of the human p53 gene, 222 are targets of 698 different types of mutations. Alterations of codons 175, 248, 273 and 282 correspond to 19 % of all mutations and are considered general hot spot mutations. Dietary exposure to aristolochic acid (AA), an established nephrotoxin and human carcinogen found in all Aristolochia species was shown to be the causative agent of aristolochic acid nephropathy (previously called Chinese herbs nephropathy). This syndrome is characterized by proximal tubular damage, renal interstitial fibrosis, slow progression to the end stage renal disease and a high prevalence of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (otherwise a highly unusual location). AA preferentially binds to purines in DNA and is associated with a high frequency of A → T transversions in the p53 gene. Rats treated with AA develop A:T → T:A mutations in codon 61. The pathological and clinical features of endemic (Balkan) nephropathy closely resemble those associated with aristolochic acid nephropathy except for the slower progression to end stage renal disease and longer cumulative period before the appearance of urothelial cancer. Recently, we reported the presence of AA-DNA adducts in renal cortex and A → T p53 mutations in tumor tissue of patients from Croatia and Bosnia with endemic nephropathy. These data support the hypothesis that dietary exposure to AA is a major risk factor for endemic (Balkan) nephropathy