Management of the Loco (Concholepas concholepas) as a Driver for Self-governance of Small-scale Benthic Fisheries in Chile

WRI led the "Reefs at Risk Revisited" analysis in collaboration with a broad partnership of more than 25 research, conservation, and educational organizations. Partners have provided data, offered guidance on the analytical approach, contributed to the report, and served as critical reviewers of the maps and findings.

Exploring risk, resistance and closing talk in chronic diabetes routine consultations

Qualitative research is widely recognised as making a valuable contribution to healthcare practice and policy. One area of study that has noticeably relied on qualitative research is doctor-patient communication, due to the fact that practitioner-patient interaction is inherently dependent on talk. One methodology that has proven very useful in order to analyse practitioner-patient interaction is Conversation Analysis (CA). Little seems to have been done in terms of analysing practitioner-patient talk within chronic routine consultations. Routine consultations are especially important in the treatment of long-term conditions such as type 2 diabetes. This study analyses the talk between type 2 diabetic patients and a practice nurse during their routine consultations. The study will address four main points. Firstly, it will determine the differences between diabetic chronic routine consultations and acute primary care visits. Secondly, based on these differences, it will address the closing phase of these visits. Thirdly, it will establish how communication of risk takes place during these consultations and lastly it will demonstrate how disagreement takes place during these visits. Analysing these elements within chronic routine consultations can potentially inform best practice when it comes to closing a visit, communicating risk and identifying patient disagreement. The analysis and presentation of significant differences between chronic and acute visits could have an effect on patients presenting new concerns and in turn could affect their long-term care

SITUACIÓN POBLACIONAL DEL PELÍCANO PERUANO (PELECANUS THAGUS) EN CHILE: PROSPECCIÓN INICIAL

Resumen ∙ El Pelícano Peruano (Pelecanus thagus) es un ave marina endémica del Sistema de la Corriente de Humboldt, en América del Sur, habitando la costa Pacífica desde el sur de Ecuador, Perú y hasta el sur de Chile. En Perú está clasificado como una especie En Peligro de Extinción, mientras que globalmente es considerado Casi Amenazado. Si bien más del 50% del hábitat utilizado por el Pelícano Peruano se encuentra en la costa de Chile, en este país se desconoce su estado poblacional y de conservación. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue diagnosticar la situación poblacional del Pelícano Peruano en Chile, mediante análisis de bases de datos y percepciones de ornitólogos locales. Entre los años 2010 al 2015 la abundancia del Pelícano Peruano en Chile disminuyó significativamente en la zona central de país. Existe una estacionalidad en su presencia con mayores abundancias durante la temporada invernal. La percepción de los ornitólogos locales indicó un aumento poblacional hacia el sur del país. A lo largo del litoral chileno se han descrito 24 sitios de nidificación del Pelícano Peruano, de los cuales el 29,1% se ubican dentro de un área protegida. Finalmente, identificamos futuras preguntas de investigación y sugerimos la necesidad de aplicar un enfoque meta‐poblacional y establecer marcos de colaboración internacional para el estudio y conservación del Pelícano Peruano. Abstract ∙ Population status of the Peruvian Pelican (Pelecanus thagus) in Chile: initial survey The Peruvian Pelican (Pelecanus thagus) is an endemic seabird of the Humboldt Current System in South America, inhabiting the Pacific coast from the south of Ecuador, Peru to the south of Chile. In Peru it is classified as an Endangered species, while globally it is considered Near Threatened. Although more than 50% of the habitat used by the Peruvian Pelican occurs on the coast of Chile, its population trends and conservation status remain unknown in this country. For this reason, the objective of the present work was to diagnose the population situation of the Peruvian Pelican in Chile, through the analysis of databases and perceptions of local ornithologists. Between the years 2010 and 2015 the abundance of Peruvian Pelican in Chile decreased significantly in the central zone of the country. There is seasonality in its presence, with greater abundances during the winter season. The perception of local ornithologists indicated a population increase towards the south of the country. Along the Chilean coast, 24 nesting sites of the Peruvian Pelican have been described, of which 29.1% are located inside of protected areas. Finally, we identify future research questions, suggest the need to apply a meta‐population approach, and establish international collaboration frameworks for the study and conservation of the Peruvian Pelican

Colonie slave nell'Italia meridionale / G. Gelcich

Colonie slave nell'Italia meridionale / G. Gelcich Spalato : tip. Spalatina, 1908 16 p. ; 23 cm

Estimating illegal fishing from enforcement officers

While illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a premier issue facing ocean sustainability, characterizing it is challenging due to its clandestine nature. Using Chile as an example, researchers present a structured process leveraging existing capacity, fisheries officers, that provides a monitoring tool to produce transparent and stand-alone estimates on the level, structure, and characteristics of illegal fishing

Governance and social capital in the co-management of benthic resources in Chile: contributions from a network analysis to the study of small-scale artisanal fisheries

Co-management or collaborative management is considered tobe a relational institution, since it places emphasis not only on the administrationof resources as such, but also on the social relations between multipleactors with diverse interests in the territory. For this reason, growing interestexists in studying comanagement using social network analysis (sna) and therelated concept of social capital. In this article, we present two applicationsfor the use of sna to understand co-management, using the Chilean systemof Management and Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources (amerb) as acase study. sna tools are applied speci-fically to: 1) describe and analyse thegovernance network underlying the amerb system, and 2) explore the roleof fisher organizations’ social capital in co-management functioning andperformance. Based on the applications described in the article, we proposethe social network approach as a promising and complementary standpointfor the development and reformulation of more effective public policy, withgrowing participation of local communities

Operationalizing vulnerability for social-ecological integration in conservation and natural resource management

Sustaining human well-being is intimately linked to maintaining productive and healthy ecosystems. Avoiding trade-offs and fostering co-benefits is however challenging. Here, we present an operational approach that integrates biodiversity conservation, human development, and natural resource management by (1) examining resource and resource user interactions through the lens of social-ecological vulnerability (i.e., encompassing exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity); (2) identifying "ecocentric" and "sociocentric" interventions that directly address the ecological or social sources of vulnerability; (3) prioritizing those expected to yield co-benefits and minimize trade-offs; and (4) selecting interventions that are best suited to the broader local context. Application of this approach to a coral reef fishery in French Polynesia recommended a portfolio of development-, livelihood-, and ecosystem-based interventions, thus suggesting a shift from the current resource-focused approach toward a more social-ecological perspective. Our vulnerability-based approach provides practitioners with a valuable tool for broadening their set of management options, leading to escape from panacea traps

Disparities in the impacts of co-management on fishers’ livelihoods

Natural resources are widely managed through collaborative governance arrangements (e.g., co-management) which often result in the uneven distribution of costs and benefits among fishers. Discrepancies in how a fisher is impacted by co-management relative to other fishers or others in the community (i.e., disparity) can negatively affect fishers’ wellbeing, their support for management, and subsequently, ecological outcomes. Yet, disparities in the distribution of social impacts from co-management have rarely been assessed. We address this gap by examining disparities (losses and gains) in perceived livelihood impacts from co-management. Losses (or gains) occur when a fisher experiences a more negative (or positive) impact on their livelihood relative to other fishers or others in the community. We used data from interviews with 1191 fishers associated with 48 coral reef co-management arrangements across Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea to examine how socioeconomic and institutional characteristics were associated with losses and gains from co-management. Overall, we found that more fishers perceived equality than disparities in the distribution of co-management impacts. Of those that perceived disparities, more fishers perceived losses than gains. We also found that disparities could be predicted by a range of socioeconomic characteristics, including distance to markets and wealth, and institutional characteristics of the co-management regime, such as gear, access, and area restrictions. This study provides insights on potential entry points that could be used by managers and policy-makers to promote equitable co-management of small-scale fisheries, such as the reduction of losses by increasing participation in decision-making processes, fostering conflict resolution mechanisms, prioritizing gear restrictions over area restrictions, and reducing poverty

Microplastics in seafood: Consumer preferences and valuation for mitigation technologies

Microplastics, an emerging pollutant, have garnered widespread attention due to potential repercussions on human health and the environment. Given the critical role of seafood in food security, growing concerns about microplastics might be detrimental to meeting future global food demand. This study employed a discrete choice experiment to investigate Chilean consumers' preferences for technology aimed at mitigating microplastic levels in mussels. Using a between-subjects design with information treatments, we examined the impact of informing consumers about potential human health and environmental effects linked to microplastics pollution on their valuation for the technology. We found that the information treatments increased consumers’ willingness to pay for mussels. Specifically, consumers were willing to pay a premium of around US$ 4 for 250g of mussel meat with a 90% depuration efficiency certification. The provision of health impact information increased the price premium by 56%, while the provision of environmental information increased it by 21%. Furthermore, combined health and environmental information significantly increased the probability of non-purchasing behavior by 22.8% and the risk perception of microplastics for human health by 5.8%. These results emphasized the critical role of information in shaping consumer preferences and provided evidence for validating investment in research and development related to microplastic pollution mitigation measures