Ideal cardiovascular health predicts lower risk of abnormal liver enzymes levels in the Chilean National Health Survey (2009–2010)

High levels of gamma glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as fatty liver index (FLI) has been associated with higher cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between gamma-GT, ALT, and fatty liver index FLI levels across a gradient number of ideal cardiovascular health metrics in a representative sample of adults from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009–2010. Data from 1,023 men and 1,449 women (≥ 15 years) from the Chilean Health Survey 2009–2010 were analyzed. Ideal cardiovascular health was defined as meeting ideal levels of the following components: four behaviours (smoking, body mass index, physical activity and diet adherence) and three factors (total cholesterol, blood pressure and fasting glucose). Adults were grouped into three categories according to their number of ideal cardiovascular health metrics: ideal (5–7 metrics), intermediate (3–4 metrics), and poor (0–2 metrics). Blood levels of gamma-GT and ALT were measured and the FLI was calculated. A higher number of ideal cardiovascular health index metric was associated with lower gamma-GT, ALT and FLI (p from trend analysis <0.001). Also, adults meeting at least 3–4 metrics were predicted less likely to have prevalence of abnormal levels of gamma-GT and FLI (p<0.001) compared to adults who met only 0–2 metrics. These findings reinforce the usefulness of the ideal cardiovascular health metrics proposed by the American Heart Association as a tool to identify target subjects and promote cardiovascular health in South-American adults

Ideal cardiovascular health predicts lower risk of abnormal liver enzymes levels in the Chilean National Health Survey (2009–2010)

High levels of gamma glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as fatty liver index (FLI) has been associated with higher cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between gamma-GT, ALT, and fatty liver index FLI levels across a gradient number of ideal cardiovascular health metrics in a representative sample of adults from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009–2010. Data from 1,023 men and 1,449 women (≥ 15 years) from the Chilean Health Survey 2009–2010 were analyzed. Ideal cardiovascular health was defined as meeting ideal levels of the following components: four behaviours (smoking, body mass index, physical activity and diet adherence) and three factors (total cholesterol, blood pressure and fasting glucose). Adults were grouped into three categories according to their number of ideal cardiovascular health metrics: ideal (5–7 metrics), intermediate (3–4 metrics), and poor (0–2 metrics). Blood levels of gamma-GT and ALT were measured and the FLI was calculated. A higher number of ideal cardiovascular health index metric was associated with lower gamma-GT, ALT and FLI (p from trend analysis <0.001). Also, adults meeting at least 3–4 metrics were predicted less likely to have prevalence of abnormal levels of gamma-GT and FLI (p<0.001) compared to adults who met only 0–2 metrics. These findings reinforce the usefulness of the ideal cardiovascular health metrics proposed by the American Heart Association as a tool to identify target subjects and promote cardiovascular health in South-American adults

Asociacionismo deportivo en función del género en Extremadura

El objetivo deeste trabajo fue conocer y analizar el asociacionismo deportivo en Extremadura en función del género. Se tomó una muestra de 1.111 sujetos mayores de edad residentes en Extremadura que cumplimentaron un cuestionario sobre actividades físico deportivas. Se realizó un muestreo estratificado polietápico en función del tamaño de municipio de residencia, edad y sexo con error máximo de ±3% y nivel de confianza del 95,5%. Se calcularon descriptivos básicos (frecuencia y porcentaje) y tablas de contingencias (estadístico chi cuadrado). La mayoría de los extremeños no pertenece a ninguna asociación (85%), los hombres tienen más licencias que las mujeres (9% vs4%). Los que pertenecen asociaciones lo hace por el acceso a instalaciones (29%), los hombres tienen mayor interés en pertenecer que las mujeres (35% vs 38%) y los que no pertenecen no lo consideran necesario (56%). Las conclusiones de este estudio fueron: i) los niveles de asociacionismo deportivo y de licencias federativas en la región son muy bajos, siendo menores entre las mujeres que entre los hombres., ii) losextremeñosque pertenecen a una asociación lo hacen por tener acceso a buenas instalaciones

Interés y tipo de práctica deportiva en función del sexo en Extremadura

Los objetivos del presentetrabajo fueron: i) conocer el interés y el nivel de práctica deportiva de los extremeños en función del género y ii) conocer y analizar el modo en que los extremeños realizan actividad física en función del género. Se tomó una muestra de 1.111 extremeños mayores de edad que cumplimentaron un cuestionario sobre actividades físico deportivas. Se realizó un muestreo estratificado polietápico en función del tamaño de municipio de residencia, edad y sexocon error máximo de ±3% y nivel de confianza del 95,5%. Se calcularon descriptivos básicos (frecuencia y porcentaje) y tablas de contingencias (estadístico chi cuadrado). Los hombres tienen mayor interés (75%) y nivel de práctica (44%) que las mujeres (63% y 34% respectivamente), practican diferentes modalidades, en diferentes épocas y utilizando distintas instalaciones. Las conclusiones de este trabajo fueron: i) la población extremeña tiene un alto interés por el deporte pero un bajo nivel de práctica, (especialmente en mujeres) siendo diferentes las modalidades practicadas por hombres y mujeres y ii) los que practican lo hacen por su cuenta o como miembro de algún club (en mayor medida las mujeres), todo el año y en instalaciones públicas (en mayor medida los hombres), por lo que los esfuerzos de las Administraciones Públicas podrían encaminarsea mantener este tipo de instalacione

Combined aerobic and muscle-strengthening activity guidelines and their association with obesity in US adolescents

Most of the evidence on physical activity for maintaining a healthy weight in adolescents is based solely on aerobic physical activity alone, with little attention given to the muscle strength component. This study aimed to investigate the associations between aerobic activities and muscle-strengthening activities (MSA) and overweight/obesity among a representative sample of adolescents. Data from the United States-based Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System for the 2011–2019 cycle were used in this cross-sectional study. Adolescents self-reported their adherence to aerobic and MSA guidelines, as well as their height and weight. Overweight and obesity were defined using the age- and sex-specific criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with a body mass index (BMI) ≥85th and ≥95th percentiles, respectively. We examined the associations between adherence to physical activity guidelines (reference: not meeting either of the physical activity guidelines) and overweight/obesity or obesity using binary logistic regressions. These analyses were adjusted for race/ethnicity, sex, age, screen time, sleep duration, tobacco, alcohol, fruit, vegetables, and soda consumption. A total of 42 829 adolescents (48.98% girls) were included in the study. Of these, 22.23% met both guidelines for physical activity, 30.47% had overweight/obesity, and 14.51% had obesity. Compared with meeting neither guideline, meeting both aerobic and MSA guidelines was associated with lower odds of having overweight/obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 0.64, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60 to 0.68) and obesity (OR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.56). These results were consistent across years of assessment, sex, and race/ethnicity. In conclusion, our results highlight the importance of MSA, which is often overlooked in physical activity recommendations in many studies, in combating childhood obesity in the United States.Open access funding provided by Universidad Pública de Navarra

Comparison of Game-Related Statistics in Men¿s International Championships between Winning and Losing Teams according to Margin of Victory

The aims of this study were (i) to compare water polo game-related statistics by game outcome (winning and losing teams) and margins of victory (close games, unbalanced games, and very unbalanced games), and (ii) to identify characteristics that mark the differences in performances for each group of margin of victory. The game-related statistics of the 308 men¿s matches played in seven International Championships (Olympic Games, World and European Championships) were analysed. A cluster analysis established three groups (close games, unbalanced games, and very unbalanced games) according to the margin of victory. Differences between game outcomes (winning or losing teams) and margins of victory (close, unbalanced, and very unbalanced games) were determined using the chi-squared statistic, also calculating the effect sizes of the differences. A discriminant analysis was then performed applying the sample-splitting method according to game outcome (winning and losing teams) by margin of victory. It was found that the game-related statistics differentiate the winning from the losing teams in each final score group, with 7 (offensive and defensive) variables differentiating winners from losers in close games, 16 in unbalanced games, and 11 in very unbalanced games. In all three types of game, the game-related statistics were shown to discriminate performance (85% or more), with two variables being discriminatory by game outcome (winning or losing teams) in all three cases: shots and goalkeeper-blocked shots

El consumo de oxígeno elimina el efecto negativo entre la obesidad y el rendimiento académico en 36.870 adolescentes Chilenos

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el nivel de consumo de oxígeno necesario por los adolescentes para contrarrestar el efecto adverso de la obesidad sobre el rendimiento académico en adolescentes chilenos. Metodología: La muestra se compone de 36.870 adolescentes participantes en el Sistema de Evaluación de la Calidad Educativa (SIMCE) de Chile y el SIMCE en educación física de los años 2011, 2013 y 2014. La obesidad se definió según el International Obesity Task Force a través del índice de masa corporal (IMC). Se usó el test de Course Navette para calcular indirectamente el consumo de oxígeno relativo al peso (ml/kg/min). Por último, se utilizaron los puntajes en lenguaje y matemáticas a través de pruebas estandarizadas del SIMCE (escala de 0 a 400). Los análisis de regresión y moderación se realizaron utilizando la macro PROCESS 2.16. en IBM SPSS versión 22 utilizando la técnica de Johnson-Neyman. Principales resultados: La muestra final tenía una edad media de 13,8 ± 0,7 años (55,2% niños). El análisis de regresión lineal muestra como el IMC y el consumo de oxígeno se relaciona negativa y positivamente con el rendimiento en ambas asignaturas, respectivamente. La técnica Johnson-Neyman reveló una relación inversa significativa entre la obesidad y el rendimiento académico cuando la capacidad aeróbica de los adolescentes fue superior pero no igual o inferior a 45,3 ml/kg/min (39,1% de la muestra) y 46,4 ml/kg/min (34,1% de la muestra) en lenguaje y matemáticas, respectivamente. En conclusión, aumentar el tiempo dedicado a la educación física en el currículo escolar podría generar beneficios de salud física y mental a través de la mejora de la capacidad aeróbica de los adolescentesFil: Hormazábal-Aguayo, Ignacio. Universidad de Santiago de ChileFil: García-Hermoso, Antonio. Universidad de Santiago de Chil

Physical exercise, detraining and lipid profile in obese children: a systematic review

Introducción. El desentrenamiento es la pérdida de las mejoras obtenidas por el ejercicio físico/entrenamiento tras su cese, aspecto poco estudiado en población infantil obesa. Así, el propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar los efectos del desentrenamiento sobre el perfil lipídico (HDL, LDL, colesterol total y triglicéridos) en niños obesos. Población y métodos. Los estudios fueron recuperados mediante la búsqueda en siete bases de datos. Dicha búsqueda se limitó a programas de ejercicio físico de, al menos, ocho semanas de duración y su desentrenamiento, y se evaluó el perfil lipídico de niños obesos. Se calculó el tamaño del efecto (TE), sus intervalos de confianza del 95% y la heterogeneidad de los estudios a través de la Q de Cochrane (modelo de efectos aleatorios). Resultados. Cinco estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y fueron seleccionados para su revisión (n= 330). En general, los resultados intragrupo (postest vs. desentrenamiento) mostraron que, tras el desentrenamiento, el nivel en sangre del colesterol HDL (TE= 0,12) y el colesterol total aumentaron (TE= 1,41). Del mismo modo, los resultados intergrupo (grupo experimental vs. grupo control) confirmaron el aumento del colesterol HDL tras el desentrenamiento (TE= 0,49). Conclusiones. Los resultados de esta revisión sistemática sugieren que el desentrenamiento tras un programa de ejercicio físico no genera una pérdida significativa de los beneficios obtenidos sobre el perfil lipídico de los niños obesos. No obstante, debido al número de estudios analizados y a la heterogeneidad observada en los análisis y en el tiempo considerado como desentrenamiento (de 12 a 48 semanas), se requiere un mayor número de estudios de calidad para obtener resultados más concluyentes.Introduction. Detraining is the loss of improvements obtained through the participation in physical exercise/training after training cessation, an aspect that has been poorly studied in obese child population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of detraining on the lipid profile (HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides) of obese children. Population and Methods. Studies were collected through a search across seven databases. The search was limited to physical exercise programs that lasted, at least, eight weeks and the corresponding detraining, with an assessment of obese children lipid profile. Effect size (ES), 95% confidence intervals and study heterogeneity were estimated using Cochran’s Q test (random effects model). Results. Five studies complied with the inclusion criteria and were selected for review (n= 330). In general, intra-group results (posttest versus detraining) indicated that, following detraining, blood levels of HDL cholesterol (ES= 0.12) and total cholesterol (ES= 1.41) were increased. Likewise, inter-group results (experimental group versus control group) confirmed the increase of HDL cholesterol following detraining (ES= 0.49). Conclusions. The results of this systematic review suggest that detraining after a physical exercise program does not lead to a significant loss of the benefits gained in relation to the lipid profile of obese children. However, given the number of analyzed studies and the heterogeneity observed in the analyses and the period defined as detraining (12 to 48 weeks), a higher number of well designed studies is required to obtain more conclusive results

Effects of exercise training on Fetuin-a in obese, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adults and elderly: A systematic review and Meta-analysis

Background: Elevated levels of fetuin-A are associated with increased risks of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This meta-analysis investigated whether exercise interventions can reduce fetuin-A in adults. Methods: We searched clinical trials that objectively assessed fetuin-A and included study arms with exercise intervention. The pre-intervention and post-intervention data were used for meta-analysis. The effect sizes were calculated as standardized mean differences or changes in fetuin-A and expressed as Hedges' g using random-effects models. Results: The overall Hedges' g for fetuin-A in all included interventions was - 0.640 (95%CI - 1.129 to - 0.151; n = 9), but this effect was not observed in obese (g = - 0.096; 95%CI, - 0.328 to 0.135) and type 2 diabetes/dysglycemia (g = - 0.56; 95%CI, - 1.348 to 0.236) individuals. Additionally, the random-effects meta-regression analysis showed that there was not a greater decrease in fetuin-A in individuals who achieved greater body mass index reductions (regression coefficient = 0.065; 95%CI, - 0.185 to 0.315). Conclusion: Supervised exercise is associated with reductions in fetuin-A levels in adults and elderly. However, the results of the present meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution because of the variety of type of exercises and individual obesity related-disorders involve. Therefore, additional high-quality randomized controlled trials describing the effect of supervised exercise interventions on fetuin-A in adults are still needed. © 2019 The Author(s)

Associations between the duration of active commuting to school and academic achievement in rural Chilean adolescents

Background: Habitual active commuting to school may be positively associated with academic achievement. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between duration of walking or otherwise actively commuting to school and academic achievement. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 389 adolescents from seven rural schools (12-13 years). Mode and duration of active commuting to school (use of active means such as walking or biking to and from school) and screen time were self-reported. Academic achievement was determined by the outcome in basic grades (language and mathematics). Results: Active commuting to school was not associated with higher scores in any grades after adjustment for potential confounders. No evidence was found of interactions between gender and academic achievement, but there was interaction with duration of walking (&lt;30 min, 30-60 min, and &gt;60 min). Adjusted binary logistic regression analysis suggested that adolescents who spent between 30 and 60 min actively commuting were more likely to obtain high academic achievement (language and mathematics). Conclusions: Thirty to 60 min of ACS may have a positive influence on academic achievement in adolescents, so, it is necessary to make recommendations for the children to walk from and/or to school. This could help society to recognize the relevance of physical activity to health as well as to academic performance. © The Author(s). 2017